Background
Endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) has emerged as a potential biomarker for cardiovascular disease in humans. Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common heart disease in dogs, and we hypothesized that MMVD causes chronic inflammation that increases susceptibility to endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) damage. In this study, we measured the concentration of ESM-1 in a group of dogs with MMVD and evaluated factors affecting eGCX damage.
Results
Sixty-four dogs (control, n = 6; MMVD, n = 58) were enrolled in this study. There was no significant difference in serum ESM-1 concentrations among the MMVD stages. The serum ESM-1 concentration was significantly higher in the death group than in the alive group in MMVD dogs. (p = 0.006). In five dogs with MMVD, serum ESM-1 concentrations tended to decrease when the cardiac drug (pimobendan, furosemide, and digoxin) dose was increased.
Conclusions
In cases where MMVD progressed to decompensated heart failure with clinical symptoms and resulted in death, the concentration of serum ESM-1 increased significantly. Therefore, ESM-1 could be utilized as a new potential negative prognostic factor in patients with MMVD.
The purpose of this study is to derive policy implications for the reverse mortgage system following new social changes by analyzing the characteristics of reverse mortgage member by household type. To this end, we set the dependent variable to the household type(married couple/single). In addition, the entity categorised the independent variables into human characteristics, economic characteristics and regional characteristics, and set monthly payments reflecting the characteristics of all members as control variables. The analysis data utilized 1,394 cases derived by granting conditions out of 4,973 newly JooTaekYeonKeum members in the Korea Housing Finance Corporation (June 1, 2013 to May 31, 2014). The results were derived from a logit models consisting of couples and single households. Logit analysis shows that statistically significant variables are age, housing price and income. The older the age, the higher the rate of single households joining the reverse mortgage, and if they have income, single households are more likely to join the reverse mortgage than couples. This confirms that celibacy is more sensitive to the economic situation of old age. Therefore, various efforts will be needed, such as enhancing the counseling ability of reverse mortgage so that the existing couple-centered reverse mortgage system can embrace single households.
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