Our findings suggest that CoQ10 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for ameliorating glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in glaucomatous neurodegeneration.

In this article, we update and expand the measure of voter ideology we originally proposed in this journal in 1998. Our new measure combines party manifesto data most recently updated by Budge et al. (2001) with election return data. Assuming the comparability and relevance of left-right ideology, we estimate the median voter position in 25 Western democracies throughout most of the postwar period. With this measure, we are able to make cross-national comparisons of voter ideology among these countries, as well as cross-time comparisons within individual countries.

We propose a measure of voter ideology which combines party manifesto data compiled by Budge, Robertson, Heari, Klingemann, and Volkens (1992) and updated by Volkens (1995), with election return data. Assuming the comparability and relevance of leftright ideology, we estimate the median voter position in 15 Western democracies throughout most of the postwar period. The plausibility of our assumptions, and therefore the validity of our measure, is supported by the results of several validity tests. With this new measure we are able to make cross-national comparisons of voter ideology among these countries as well as cross-time comparisons within individual countries. We discuss the potential application of our measure to various debates in political science.

In this article, we put forward a continuous measure of government partisanship, which allows meaningful comparisons across countries and across time, for 17 Western democracies for the period of 1945 through 1998. Our measure is predicated upon a manifesto-based measure of party ideology recently developed by Kim and Fording (1998), along with yearly cabinet post data. After discussing the validity of our measure, we replicate one of the most cited works in comparative political economy over the last ten years -Alvarez, Garrett and Lange's (1991) analysis of economic performance -by utilizing our own measure of government partisanship. We conclude that comparativists need to exercise greater caution in interpreting and evaluating the past findings of a large number of multivariate studies in comparative politics.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) caused by mutation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), affects various cellular processes and results in the death of motor neurons with fatal defects. Currently, several neurological disorders associated with DNA damage are known to directly induce neurodegenerative diseases. In this research, we found that cytoplasmic restriction of SOD1G93A, which inhibited the nucleic translocation of SOD1WT, was directly related to increasing DNA damage in SOD1- mutated ALS disease. Our study showed that nucleic transport of DNA repair- processing proteins, such as p53, APEX1, HDAC1, and ALS- linked FUS were interfered with under increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the presence of SOD1G93A. During aging, the unsuccessful recognition and repair process of damaged DNA, due to the mislocalized DNA repair proteins might be closely associated with the enhanced susceptibility of DNA damage in SOD1- mutated neurons. In addition, the co-expression of protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) directly interacting with SOD1 protein in neurons enhances the nucleic transport of cytoplasmic- restricted SOD1G93A. Therefore, our results showed that enhanced DNA damage by SOD1 mutation-induced ALS disease and further suggested that PDI could be a strong candidate molecule to protect neuronal apoptosis by reducing DNA damage in ALS disease.