Tokyo, Japan) and XR Avanti SD-OCT (Optovue, Fremont, CA, USA).All patients showed hyper-reflective lesions at the level of ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers more prominently at the papillomacular bundle in both eyes (figure). Results of OCT-angiography and ganglionar cells complex analysis appeared normal. Furthermore, four patients presented subtle cotton wool spots and microhaemorrhages along the retinal arcade, observed on fundus examination, color fundus photography, and red-free imaging. Visual acuity and pupillary reflexes were normal in all eyes, and we detected no symptoms or signs of intraocular inflammation.Although animal models suggest ocular lesions could include retinitis and optic neuritis, 3,4 this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of retinal findings possibly associated with COVID-19 infection in humans. Ganglion cell and plexiform layer findings could be associated with CNS manifestations that have been described in animal studies 4 and in COVID-19 neurological events. 5 We declare no competing interests.

Consensus guidelines were developed based on published literature, expert opinion, and practical experience to bridge the gap between clinical needs and medical evidence to support the treatment of patients with noninfectious uveitis with noncorticosteroid immunomodulatory agents.

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