This work studied on the composting process of organic waste. Organic waste is the easily biodegradable waste. Organic wastes are produced from many sources Such as agricultural waste, market waste, kitchen waste, urban solid waste and municipal solid waste. Without proper management, this waste could create several environments problem. Therefore, composting is the best low-cost alternative solution to overcome this problem. The composting method can degrade all types of organic waste such as fruits, vegetables, plants, yard waste and others. The organic waste composition can be used as nutrients for crops, soil additives and for environmental management. However, many factors can contribute to the quality of compost products since different types of organic waste have different concentrations of nutrients, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (N, P, K) that are the common macro energetics present in fertilizers. The presence of heavy metals shows how Composts can be applied to soils without contributing any negative effects. In terms of the factor affecting the composting process, temperature, pH, moisture content and carbon nitrogen ratio (C: N) are the main parameters that contribute to the efficiency of the composting process.

Water and Wastewater treatment plants requires huge amount of energy operation cost. As per the energy demand, water companies require cost reducing and sustainable solution to produce energy. The generated energy should reduce its dependence on fossil fuel. For this study, different types of hydropower technology have been studied. And as per suitable criteria of wastewater treatment plants, Gravitational water vortex flow power plant which is one of the best low head and low flow rate basedhydropower technology have been selected. To determine optimum efficiency of power plant, a lab scale model will be prepared for selected hydropower technology. Generated electricity will be considered for co2 reduction energy and it can use in plant itself which can reduce its cost. Parameters of wastewater will be check for selection of appropriate turbine blade materials. This will be an innovative approach which can reduce the energy cost of wastewater treatment plants.

Industrialization is necessary for economic development, but it brings with them major threat to environment. Among from all the Industries, pharmaceutical industry contributes major role to degrade environment. Pharmaceutical products are in demand and its growth is tremendously increasing. The pharma effluent is a big issue to be treated. Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solid, Total Dissolved Solid are major pollutants from pharma sector. This paper reviews some conventional treatment technologies considering Ammoniacal Nitrogen as major pollutant. Various methods like electro-coagulation, reverse osmosis is compared, and sequencing batch reactor seems more effective and efficient with 90% to 95% removal in Ammoniacal Nitrogen.