Background The EuroQoL five-dimensional instrument (EQ-5D) is the favoured preference-based instrument to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in several countries. Two versions of the EQ-5D are available: the 3-level version (EQ-5D-3 L) and the 5-level version (EQ-5D-5 L). This study aims to compare specific measurement properties and scoring of the EQ-5D-3 L (3 L) and EQ-5D-5 L (5 L) in Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) outpatients. Methods A survey was conducted in a hospital and two primary healthcare centres on Sulawesi Island. Participants were asked to complete the two versions of the EQ-5D instruments. The 3 L and 5 L were compared in terms of distribution and ceiling, discriminative power and test-retest reliability. To determine the consistency of the participants’ answers, we checked the redistribution pattern, i.e., the consistency of a participant’s scores in both versions. Results A total of 198 T2DM outpatients (mean age 59.90 ± 11.06) completed the 3 L and 5 L surveys. A total of 46 health states for 3 L and 90 health states for 5 L were reported. The ‘11121’ health state was reported most often: 17% in the 3 L and 13% in the 5 L. The results suggested a lower ceiling effect for 5 L (11%) than for 3 L (15%). Regarding redistribution, only 6.1% of responses were found to be inconsistent in this study. The 5 L had higher discriminative power than the 3 L version. Reliability as reflected by the index score was 0.64 for 3 L and 0.74 for 5 L. Pain/discomfort was the dimension mostly affected, whereas the self-care dimension was the least affected. Conclusions This study suggests that the 5 L-version of the EQ-5D instrument performs better than the 3 L-version in T2DM outpatients in Indonesia, regarding measurement and scoring properties. As such, our study supports the use of the 5 L as the preferred health-related quality of life measurement tool. We did not do a trial but this study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Indonesia (document number KE/FK/1188/EC, 12 November 2014, amended 16 March 2015).

Free radicals can caused damage cell and tissue which lead to various disease then needed antioxidant as radicals scavenging. The objective of this study was to determine antioxidants activity leaves of Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb based to DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazil) free radicals scavenging. The study was initiated with sample extraction by maceration used ethanol then partitioned with ethyl acetate. The obtained fraction tested to antioxidant activity DPPH radicals. Testing done in five series concentration is 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm and 400 ppm, which compared to antioxidant activity vitamin C and BHT (butylatedhydroxytoluene). Activity against free radicals is measured with at a spectrophotometer UV-VIS wavelength 517 nm and calculated value ES50. The result showed the value ES50 of a leaves ethyl acetate fraction of 1473 ppm while ES50 vitamin C and BHT of 9.054 ppm and 29.067 ppm, respectively. Therefore, obtained results showed that ethyl acetate fraction Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb leaves has weak activity compared vitamin C and BHT as positive control with ES50 values respectively 1473.064 ppm, 9.054 ppm and 29.067 ppm.

This study aims to product the preparation effevecsent granule using variation of ethanol extract avocado seed (Persea americana Mill.) as antidiabetic using granulation method. This study was conducted using two formulas using variation of ethanol extract avocado seed (Persea americana Mill.) 1% and 10%, PVP K30 4%, Sodium cyclamate 0.1%, citric acid 0.2965 gram, tartric acid 0.5931 gram and sodium bicarbonate 1.0083 gram. The test results of evaluation preparation effevecsent granule using variation of ethanol extract avocado seed (Persea americana Mill.) showing that formulas 2 (two) is the best the result farmaceutic evaluation obtained with value

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disesase characterized by high blood sugar levels in the body. This research aims to present the use of antidiabetic medication for type 2 diabetes mellitus in outpatient at RSUP Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar. This is a descriptive survey in the form of retrospective search. The results showed that the use of drugs by drug class and type of antidiabetic drugs sulfonylurea (glibenclamide 12.4%, glimepiride 7.2%, gliclazide 3.9%), biguanide (metformin 43.8%0, inhibitor α-glucosidase (acarbose 3.3%), thiazolidinedione (pioglitazone 0.7%), the combination of OHO (gliburida-metformin 0.7%), vildagliptinmetformin 0.7%), rapid insulin 8.5%, insulin detemir 13.1%, insulin glargine 4.6%, and insulin premix 13.1%.

The decision of the Constitutional court (MK) Numbere 35/PUU-X/2012 has implications for state recognition of the traditional rights of indigenous peoples in the form of custimary forests which have have been neglected. The study aims to determine the legal position of the indigenous people of Marga Sarampas in controlling their land rights. The formulation of the problems raised in this research are (1) how is the recognition and protection of the indigenous peoples of Marga Sarampas; (2) how the rights to land of the indigenous people of Marga Sarampas.