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Objective This meta‐analysis aims to compare biofeedback‐assisted pelvic muscle floor training (PFMT) and pelvic electrical stimulation (ES) as an intervention group, with PFMT or bladder training (BT) as the control group, in women with an overactive bladder (OAB). Method PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Scopus were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to November 2021. The RCTs were screened for our eligibility criteria and quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk Index of Bias tools. The outcomes were changes in quality of life (QoL), episodes of incontinence, and the number of participants cured/improved. Results Eight studies involving 562 patients (comprising 204 patients with biofeedback‐assisted PFMT, 108 patients with pelvic ES, and 250 patients who received PFMT alone or BT and lifestyle recommendations only, as the control group) were included. The ES group showed significant differences in terms of changes to QoL (mean difference [MD]: 7.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.90−12.92, p = 0.008), episodes of incontinence (MD: −1.33, 95% CI: −2.50 to −0.17, p = 0.02), and the number of participants cured or improved (risk ratio [RR]: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.14−1.87, p = 0.003), while the biofeedback group resulted in nonsignificant changes in QoL (MD: 0.13, 95% CI: 7.87−8.12, p = 0.98), episodes of incontinence (MD: 0.01, 95% CI: −0.89 to 0.90, p = 0.99), and the number of participants cured or improved (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.99−1.33, p = 0.08), both compared to the control group respectively. Conclusion This meta‐analysis shows that low‐frequency pelvic ES appears to be sufficient and effective as an additional intervention for women with OAB in clinical practice according to improvements in the subjects' QoL and reduction of symptoms. Meanwhile, biofeedback‐assisted PFMT does not appear to be a significant adjuvant for conservative OAB therapy.

BACKGROUND: Hypospadias is the second most common congenital anomalies among human congenital disabilities. There are over 300 surgery techniques being introduced to treat hypospadias. The successful of hypospadias repair is assessed by several outcomes as well as complications following surgery. AIM: This study aims to show the multicenter hypospadias data in Indonesia descriptively. METHODS: All the data were compiled based on questionnaires, which were distributed to Indonesian pediatric urologists. The questionnaire includes several questions containing demographic aspect, preferred techniques being used, and complications being found regarding hypospadias repair. RESULTS: Eighteen Indonesian pediatric urologists from 12 centres involved in this study. The data were collected from June – September 2018 based on the surgeon’s experience throughout 2017. From 591 cases based on the returned questionnaire, penile-type hypospadias was the most common type of hypospadias being treated (35.7%) followed by penoscrotal (28.9%) and scrotal-type (12.9%). Moderate severity of chordee was mostly seen among all cases (40.6%). Tubularised incised plate (TIP), + Thiersch Duplay, was the most common technique being used to treat hypospadias (44.3%), followed by onlay island preputial flap (14.9%) and two-stage technique (14%). The incidence of urethrocutaneous fistulae in this study was 13.9%. CONCLUSION: This study showed how Indonesian pediatric urologists dealt with hypospadias cases. TIP + Thiersch Duplay procedure being the preferred technique used by most participants and the rate of urethrocutaneous fistulae as one of the complications was comparable with previous studies.