This study uses data on Swedish multinationals to estimate cross elasticities of labour demand in di¤erent locations. With a vertical decomposition of the …rm's activities, whether there is substitution or complementarity between employment in di¤erent parts of the …rm will depend on whether wage changes lead to a relocation of activities or simply to changes in marginal costs and/or demand for inputs in other parts of the …rms. We …nd that there is some evidence of a substitutionary relationship between employment in the Swedish parts of the …rms and employment in other high-income locations, but we do not …nd any evidence of substitution stemming from employment in low-income locations. We …nd mainly a relationship of complementarity between employment in di¤erent a¢liates.
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AbstractThe Knowledge Capital Model (KC-model), described in Markusen (2002), encompasses both market size (horizontal) as well as factor endowment (vertical) explanations to why multinational production occurs. Although the KC-model seems intuitively appealing, the empirical support has, so far, been weak and even confused. In this study, we find strong, robust and consistent support for the KC-model. In contrast to previous studies, our skill measures follow directly from the model. We also use an enlarged dataset, where the data coverage is significantly improved. Our results also give estimated surfaces remarkably similar to theoretical simulations of the KC-model. In addition, the results give important insights into why previous studies have yielded such diverse results.JEL classification: F12, F23
Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. We also present econometric evidence (using industry-level data from seven OECD nations) that broadly supports the model. Specifically, we find industrylevel scale effects and international knowledge spillovers that are unrelated to FDI, but we also find that bilateral spillovers are boosted by bilateral FDI.
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JEL classification numbers: F12, O32, O41
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