The purpose of this study was to investigate the variation in selected technical properties of mature (age > 60 years) birch stems in southern and central Finland. Technical properties were defi ned as the natural external characteristics that cause differences in the usability of a certain section of stem in the mechanical wood industry, saw milling in particular.On mineral soils, birch stems in mixed stands were slightly larger than those in pure birch stands. On peatlands, however, birch stems in pure stands were larger than those in mixed stands. The average stem form of silver birch was straighter than that of white birch. Small-sized log sections of white birch, as well as those of codominant silver birch, typically contain many dead knots. On mineral soils, coniferous admixture had a positive effect on self-pruning of white birch. Self-pruning of silver birch was as good in pure birch stands as in mixed stands of spruce and birch. Occurrence of decay did not differ signifi cantly between the two birch species.Not only silver birch, due to the growth and yield of the stand, but also vigorous and good-quality white birch, because of the possibility to provide high-quality logs, can be maintained profi tably as an admixture in coniferous forests until fi nal cutting.

The aim of this case study was to compare the impacts of saw and secateur pruning on silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). Data were collected from two saw pruned stands in 2005, and one secateur pruned stand in 2003. All the stands were located in southern Finland. The sample stems were felled, and their butt logs were sawn into flitches, whose knot features and colour defects were measured. In addition, discs were sawn from each stem in order to study the annual ring widths. In this material, pruning with secateurs appeared to cause less colour defects than pruning with a saw. Irrespective of the pruning method used, the colour defects in the stem wood were at their largest in cases where the basal knob or the stem bark appeared to be damaged by pruning. Colour defects spread mainly towards the pith, only in a few cases towards the stem surface. The cicatrisation time of the knots as well as the length of the bark stick remaining inside the stem did not show significant differences between the two pruning methods. Pruning of the lowest living branches appears to have no effect on the diameter growth of silver birch trees.

Thermally modified wood (TMW) is widely used in outdoor applications due to its advanced properties towards weathering stresses. Although the structure changes of TMW from weather factors have been reported, investigation of the quantitative analysis of water states and cell wall structure of TMW after weathering is limited. In this work, the amount of bound water, fiber saturation point (FSP), cell wall pores, and free water distribution of thermally modified Scots pine, Norway spruce, and European ash were measured before and after a 2-year natural weathering via NMR relaxometry, cryoporometry, and magnetic resonance imaging. The results show that weathering increased T 2 relaxation time of lumens, indicating the degradation of tracheids and vessels, especially in TMW compared to unmodified wood. The amounts of bound water, FSP value, and cell wall pores were increased after weathering; however, an increase in thermal modification intensity resulted in lower FSP and limited the increase in number of pores. In summary, TMW showed better performance than unmodified wood after weathering. Keywords Bound water Á Free water Á Fiber saturation point (FSP) Á Cell wall pores Á Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Á Thermally modified wood

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Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli määrittää ohileikkaavilla oksasaksilla tehtävän rauduskoivun pystykarsinnan aiheuttamien väri-ja lahovikojen määrää ja analysoida esimerkkilaskelmin pystykarsintatyön kannattavuutta metsänomistajan ja koivutukkia käyttävän teollisuuden kannalta. Tutkimuksen aineistona käytettiin kolmea pystykarsittua metsikköä sekä kolmea näitä ominaisuuksiltaan vastaavaa pystykarsimatonta vertailumetsikköä Vammalasta, Jämsänkoskelta ja Keiteleeltä. Kannattavuutta tutkittiin empiirisen aineiston perusteella saatujen tulosten laskennallisena sovelluksena. Kannattavuuden tunnuslukuina olivat investoinnin nettonykyarvo ja sisäinen korkokanta. Mittaukset osoittivat aineistossa olleen vähemmän väri-ja lahovikoja kuin aiemmissa tutkimuksissa, joissa karsintavälineenä on käytetty oksasahaa. Alle 20 mm:n läpimittaisten oksien karsinnan aiheuttama värivikaantumisriski oli vähäinen. Rauduskoivun kasvu ei taannu elävienkään oksien karsinnan seurauksena, jos elävää latvusta säilytetään suositellut 50 % puun pituudesta. Pystykarsinta parantaa tyvitukkien laatua ja lisää esimerkkilaskelmien perusteella päätehakkuun kantorahatuloja. Ulkopuolisellakin työvoimalla tehdylle pystykarsintasijoitukselle voi saada 5-6 %:n sisäisen koron. Myös vaneri-ja viiluteollisuuden kannattaa maksaa keskimääräistä korkeampaa hintaa pystykarsituista koivikoista. Pystykarsinta lisää tyvitukeista saatavan viilun arvoa n. 20-30 prosentilla.