The meaning of norms is empirically contested. Supposing an inherent instability of norm meaning, contestation, therefore, represents a fundamental conceptual challenge to the mainstream view on norms as shared understandings. By offering a grammatical reading of Antje Wiener’s approach to contestation, we examine how norm research addresses this challenge to its theoretical core assumption. We argue that the grammar of Wiener’s approach, despite its reflexive starting point, ultimately reintroduces an understanding of norms as facts and leads to a normative ‘politics of reality’. This effectively turns contestation into a disruption of the ‘normal’ state of norms. Demonstrating the challenges of theorising norms with rather than against contestation, the article concludes that norm research has yet to find ways to account for contestation ‘all the way down’ in order to sustain norms as a productive analytical concept in IR.
Schneiker 2012). Damit wird jedoch die Grundannahme von Normen als shared understandings (Katzenstein 1996; Klotz 1995) fundamental infrage gestellt. Stattdessen wird argumentiert, dass sich die Bedeutung von Normen durch anwendungspraktische kontextgebundene Interpretation (meaning-in-use) herausbildet und daher grundsätzlich umstritten ist. Umstrittenheit hebt dabei etwa die »konsistente Inkonsistenz« (Methmann 2010), Lokalisierungseffekte (Acharya 2004; Kim 2009) oder die »Politik der Normen« (van Kersbergen/Verbeek 2007) im Sinne eines fortlaufenden politischen Prozesses der Aushandlung von Bedeutungen hervor. Die Stabilität von Normen als fixierter Sinngehalt wird so fraglich (Krook/True 2012). Umstrittenheit ist damit nicht nur eines von verschiedenen identifizierten Desideraten der gegenwärtigen Normenforschung (Rosert 2012: 600). Vielmehr stellt Umstrittenheit die Grundlagen bisheriger Normenforschung infrage und es bedarf der Diskussion, wie Umstrittenheit zur Konzeptualisierung von Normen beitragen kann (vgl. hierzu auch den Beitrag von Gholiagha, Hansen-Magnusson und Hofius in diesem Band). Wir argumentieren, dass gerade durch diese Infragestellung von bisherigen Grundannahmen im Konzept der Umstrittenheit das analytische Potential einer kritischen Normenforschung (Engelkamp/Glaab/Renner 2012; Renner 2013, Engelkamp/Glaab 2015) deutlich wird. Angesichts dieser Bedeutung ist jedoch eine kritische Diskussion von Umstrittenheit und ihrer Implikationen von zentraler Relevanz für die Weiterentwicklung kritischer und konstruktivistischer Ansätze der Normenforschung. Zu diesem 1.
This chapter will discuss how Discovery either reproduces, criticizes, or subverts established U.S. representations of diplomacy. The results will provide some leads on whether Discovery lives up to Star Trek’s progressive worldview. Revisiting Iver B. Neumann’s argument, this chapter argues that Discovery’s pilot episode can be viewed as a critical reflection on how the difference between idealist (“We come in peace”) and realist (a “Vulcan Hello”) approaches to diplomacy become blurred from the inverted perspective of the (Klingon) Other. However, over the further course of the season, Discovery loses its reflexive perspective on the ambiguity of diplomacy and settles for demonstrative idealism. The chapter discusses whether Discovery in its adaptation of a demonstrative ‘idealism’ subverts U.S. representations of diplomacy in the light of paradigmatic shifts after 9/11, or whether it reproduces the ambiguity of ‘realist’/’idealist’ representations, ultimately legitimizing the use of force for supposed higher ends.
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