The use of organophosphates (pesticides and other compounds to eradicate pests), currently, to increase the fulfillment of the population's consumption needs has a double-edged sword effect, on the one hand it can increase the need for food to be consumed by the population. The negative effect that can arise is the safety of organophosphate drugs which can contaminate the soil and water sources around the place where organophosphate drugs are used. The negative effects of organophosphates are associated with the effects of xenobiotics on humans who consume them. Xenobiotics are associated with toxicdynamic effects where organophosphates cause irreversible inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (ACh). ACh is one of the main enzymes in the nervous system that terminates impulse conduction through the hydrolysis process of acetylcholine enzymes. Acetylcholinesterase is a specific molecular target of organophosphate pesticides. The inhibition of the Ach enzyme causes the inhibition of the acetylcholine enzyme which is normally always hydrolyzed by the Ach enzyme and is a specific biological marker of pesticide poisoning. Inhibition of ACh will cause the accumulation of the enzyme acetylcholine, resulting in negative effects of organophosphate poisoning which can lead to death. In this paper, the authors collect from various sources related to the study of molecular toxicology toxidynamic effects of drug safety and organophosphate poisoning. The results of this review article show that organophosphate poisoning is associated with irreversible inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme which results in death in the individual concerned.

SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid test is one of the examinations widely used for early detection of Covid-19 infection. Rapid test is considered to have more advantages, is faster, and is cheaper than molecular PCR testing, and more accurate than rapid antibody tests. Its weakness is especially in detecting samples with small quantities of the virus. The study was conducted using a retrospective method. The data was taken from the patient's medical record of the SARS -CoV-2 antigen rapid swab test at Brata Medika Pare Clinical Laboratory for the period of February 2021. Data inclusion criteria including the examination, complete identity, results of anamnesis examination and rapid test examinations. Data were analyzed in a tabular form containing frequency and percentage. There were 18 (22.5%) patients with positive SARS-CoV-2antigen rapid swab test results, 16 (89%) with complaints/symptoms, and 2 (11%) without complaints/symptoms. Meanwhile, 62 (77.5%) were found with negative SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid swab test results where 18 (29.0%) were patients with complaints/symptoms and 44 (71.0%) were patients without complaints/symptoms. The high percentage of negative SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid swab test results in patients with complaints/symptoms (29.0%), it is recommended that a confirmatory examination with the molecular PCR test be carried out.

Kapsaisin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonanenamide) adalah rasa pedas utama dalam batang cabai yang dikonsumsi secara umum. Fungsi utama kapsaisin adalah mengurangi rasa nyeri dan inflamasi neurogenik, selain itu juga memiliki efek anti-tumor. Reseptor kapsaisin dan substansi lain yang terkait dengan kapsaisin telah diidentifikasi dan dikloningkan. Reseptor ini adalah reseptor vaniloid subtipe 1 (VR-1), yang membentuk saluran kation non-selektif dalam membran plasma yang memediasi beberapa efek pleitropik. Kapsaisin dan substansi analog yang sejenis mempunyai efek anti-proliferatif dalam sel kanker manusia melalui induksi siklus sel fase G0/G1 sehingga proliferasi sel terhenti dan terjadi apoptosis pada beberapa sel yang mengalami transformasi. Kemampuan untuk menginduksi apoptosis merupakan aktivitas supresi plasma membran NADH-oksidoreduktase (PMOR), enzim yang mentransfer elektron dari sitoplasmik NADH melalui ko-enzim Q (ubikuinon) ke akseptor elektron eksternal, seperti oksigen. Selain menginduksi apoptosis melalui PMOR, kapsaisin juga menginduksi peningkatan p21, Bax, dan Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP). Mekanisme antitumor kapsaisin secara utama dengan melakukan stabilisasi dan aktivasi gen p53. Kapsaisin secara substansial memperpanjang siklus hidup p53 dan secara signifikan meningkatkan aktivitas transkripsional p53. PMOR diperkirakan terlibat dalam pengaturan pertumbuhan sel dan proliferasi dengan menjaga rasio NADH+/NADH yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan sel.