<p class="Els-history-head">The fundamental problems in economic development in Indonesia are the low level of welfare, unsustainable economic growth, and the inadequate development process of economic sectors. Defense economics is a branch of science that applies economics to national defense issues. Defense economics as a multidisciplinary study discusses resource allocation, income distribution, economic growth, and political stability as applied to topics related to defense. According to the defense economy, the impact of the use of the defense budget on the economy can be viewed from the demand or consumption and supply or production approaches. From the consumption side, the defense can protect national resources against various threats, so that national consumption becomes stable and even increases. This research uses role theory according to Biddle and Thomas, among others, Expectation, Norm, Performance, and Evaluation. The research objective is to provide government input on the importance of the economic role of defense in economic growth in Indonesia. Research using qualitative methods is aimed at understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the participants. The result that has been achieved is that the defense economy plays a role in improving security stability, so it is recommended that the government pay attention to defense-security spending budgeting, in particular the adequacy of its allocation, priority level, and linkages between other components</p>

<p>The structure of defense spending in Indonesia State Budget consists of three types of spending, which are routine expenditure, goods expenditure, and capital expenditure. It shows the changes in consumption expenditure contribution, direct investment expenditure, and indirect investment from the government. According to The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017, Indonesia presents a low level of security stability among 138 countries. Due to the terrorism threat, Indonesia is ranked 115 (Global Competitive Index or GCI=4,2) for business cost, at the 102nd ranking (GCI=3,9) for the business cost caused by crime and violence, and 108th ranking (GCI=4,1) for organized crime. This study aims to examine the impact of military expenditure on security stability in Indonesia. The analytical method used in this study is explanatory, it aims to explain the causal relationship between variables and hypothesis testing. This study employs the time series data with per semester data series through 2000-2018. The research model is formulated as a recursive linear model in the form of a Cobb-Douglas production function and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with the Ordinary Least Square method. The result reveals that both military expenditure and security expenditure have impacted simultaneously on security stability. The integration of all components of military expenditure synergistically can increase Security Stability. The components of spending that have a partially significant positive effect on Security Stability are expenditures on goods and capital expenditures.</p>

<p>Indonesia is still in struggle achieving sustainable food self-sufficiency, especially for rice. Rice production enhancement deals with many challenges, among others, negative impacts of climate change such as floods and droughts. Submergence tolerant rice varieties (STRV) invented by IAARD takes a relatively long time to be adopted by rice farmers. It needs an effective communication strategy to overcoming this situation. This paper identifies communication system in STRV dissemination process and acceptance while trying to formulate an effective communication strategy to speed up the adoption process to support food self-sufficiency achievement. Farmers’ rate of adoption of technology innovation was influenced by internal factors, external factors, socio-economic and environmental conditions. The research was conducted in 2015 on various types of lowland, that is, prone-flood irrigated lowland in West Java Province and in swamp tidal irrigated lowland and swampy irrigated lowland in South Kalimantan Province. The data were analyzed using both communication theory and institutional evaluation. SRTV socialization communication and adoption was a stratified communication linear model, directional, and no room for feedback. This system could only work effectively in a relatively long time such that the behavior change was slow. The system will be more effective in reaching early adopter groups and takes longer to spread to other recipient groups. An effective, equitable interactional communication model was required by setting up dialogues on each stage such that STRV adoption could be accelerated. Institutionally, STRV adoption required new breakthroughs because, in addition to technical problems, it was necessary to improve technology dissemination mechanism with better communication systems.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Indonesia terus berupaya mencapai swasembada pangan berkelanjutan, terutama untuk komoditas beras. Peningkatan produksi padi banyak menghadapi tantangan antara lain dampak negatif perubahan iklim seperti banjir dan kekeringan. Hasil penelitian Badan Litbang Pertanian yang potensial seperti varietas unggul baru padi toleran rendaman (VUB-PTR) seringkali lama diadopsi karena komunikasi dan strateginya kurang efektif. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi sistem komunikasi pada proses sosialisasi dan pemanfaatan VUB-PTR sekaligus mencoba merumuskan strategi komunikasi yang efektif untuk mempercepat proses adopsinya sehingga dapat mendukung pencapaian swasembada pangan. Tingkat penerimaan petani terhadap teknologi inovasi dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal, faktor eksternal, dan kondisi sosial ekonomi lingkungan. Penelitian dilaksanakan tahun 2015 pada berbagai tipe lahan sawah, yaitu lahan sawah irigasi rentan banjir di Provinsi Jawa Barat dan lahan rawa pasang surut dan rawa lebak di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Analisis data menggunakan kombinasi teori komunikasi dengan analisis kelembagaan. Sistem komunikasi sosialisasi dan pemanfaatan VUB-PTR merupakan komunikasi berjenjang dengan model linier, sifatnya searah, dan tidak ada ruang untuk menyampaikan umpan balik. Sistem ini hanya bisa berjalan efektif dalam waktu relatif lama sehingga perubahan perilaku lambat. Sistem lebih efektif menjangkau kelompok pengguna awal dan membutuhkan waktu lebih lama untuk menyebar ke kelompok penerima lainnya. Diperlukan pembangunan sistem komunikasi yang lebih efektif dan setara model interaksional dengan membuka ruang dialog pada masing-masing tahapan sehingga adopsi inovasi bisa dipercepat. Secara kelembagaan, pemanfaatan VUB-PTR memerlukan terobosan baru karena selain persoalan teknis, perlu perbaikan mekanisme diseminasi teknologi dengan sistem komunikasi yang lebih baik.</p>

Subak is a traditional Balinese water management organization with simple irrigation instruments, yet recognized as having high social resilience. This organization is not solely related to engineering elements, but also having socio-techno-religious characteristics. The politics of mass tourism development that promotes the development of infrastructures and public facilities by exploiting natural resources including land and water have caused land conversion and water utilization in a large scale, threatening the sustainability of subak. This research aims to examine the dynamics of water resource economic politics and its impact on subak institution which serves as one of the main pillar of development in Bali. Using a qualitative method, this research found that: (1) the politics of water economy was very dynamic, involving various local, national, and global actors with different interest and ideology; (2) the priority of mass tourism in Bali had led to a battle over access to water resources with both immaterial and material conflicts; (3) growthoriented agricultural development had systematically reduced the socio-capital of subak; (4) the politics of development and the products of the state power (laws and policies) had systematically weakened the products of subak community power (awig-awig and perarem), so that the existence of subak as an irrigation organization that became the basis of strength for supporting food security was increasingly pressured. Keywords: subak, mass tourism, water resources, Tabanan ABSTRAKSubak merupakan organisasi pengelola air khas Bali dengan alat irigasi yang sederhana namun diakui memiliki resiliensi sosial yang tinggi. Organisasi ini tidak semata-mata terkait dengan unsur-unsur keteknikan, melainkan bersifat sosial-tekno-religius. Politik pembangunan pariwisata massal yang memacu laju pembangunan infrastruktur dan fasilitas publik dengan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam termasuk lahan dan air menyebabkan alih fungsi lahan dan pemanfaatan air secara besar-besaran sehingga mengancam keberlangsungan subak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dinamika politik ekonomi sumber daya air dan dampaknya bagi kelembagaan subak yang menjadi salah satu pilar utama pembangunan di Bali. Penelitian dengan metode kualitatif ini menemukan bahwa: (1) politik ekonomi air sangat dinamis melibatkan beragam aktor lokal, nasional, global dengan kepentingan dan ideologi yang berbeda-beda; (2) prioritas pariwisata massal di Bali telah menyebabkan terjadinya pertarungan akses terhadap sumber daya air dengan konflik immaterial maupun material; (3) pembangunan pertanian yang berorientasi pertumbuhan secara sistematis telah mereduksi capital social subak; (4) politik pembangunan dan produksi kekuasaan negara (UU dan kebijakan) secara sistematis melemahkan produksi kekuasaan komunitas subak (awig-awig dan perarem) sehingga eksistensi subak sebagai organisasi pengairan yang menjadi basis kekuatan mendukung ketahanan pangan semakin terdesak.

Erosion and pollution in the Citarum River have reached a very worrying stage. To overcome this problem, the government has launched the Citarum Harum program. One of the policies synergistic with the Citarum Harum program is the application of soil and water conservation principles in farming seasonal crops in the upper Citarum watershed (UCW). Historically, policies and programs for developing pro-conservation farming in this area have been carried out for at least three decades but have not been effective. Increasing the effectiveness of policies requires the existence of suitable instruments. Therefore, it is necessary to have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the attitudes and behavior of farmers in applying soil and water conservation. This study aims to identify the factors influencing farmers’ probabilities and participation in applying soil and water conservation techniques. A double-hurdle approach is used to identify determinants of farmers’ participation and intensity in applying conservation practices. The data were collected from samples of 244 farm households’ growing seasonal crops out of 499 farm households sample in the Bandung and West Bandung Districts. The results show that the determinants of farmer participation and intensity in the application of conservation lie in the ability to finance, land tenure and utilization, and the physical condition of the land. The level of education only affects participation opportunities, even if the increment is significant. In the future, conservation priorities must be more directed at a vegetative approach through developing synergistic perennial crops with particular efforts to convert vegetables on the sloping lands to perennial crops.