Introduction: Prematurity is a public health problem worldwide. Reducing the morbidity and mortality of prematurity through improved management techniques reveal the emergence of cardiovascular risk diseases, including kidney disease and high blood pressure, which can compromise health in adulthood. The prevalence of these diseases varies from country to country. The main objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with renal injury and high blood pressure in children born preterm. Methodology: We conducted a historical cohort study including children aged 6 to 11 years, matched for gender and sex in a 1:2 ratio. Data were collected from the records of premature and full-term infants hospitalized from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2013. Patients were reviewed during outpatient consultation, where height, blood pressure were measured and a urine dipstick was performed. Patients with high blood pressure or positive protein uria were seen again two weeks later for follow-up. The Fisher test and the Chi-square test were used to compare proportions. The significance threshold was defined for p<0.05. Relative risk (RR) was used to establish the risk relationship between the different variables. Results: We enrolled 125 children born preterm and 250 born at full-term. The mean age was 8.2+/-1.6 years with discrete female predominance. The cumulative incidence of pathologies varied according to type: 17.60% in preterm versus 2% in full-term (p?0,001) for high blood pressure and 69.60% in preterm versus 33.20% in full-term children (p?0,001) for proteinuria. Factors associated with renal in jury were the use of amino glycosides, aminophylline and neonatal infection. We found a correlation between the presence of proteinuria and high blood pressure (r=1.14, p=0.000002). Conclusion: Renal damage and high blood pressure were more common in children born preterm than in full-term. Associated factors were neonatal infection, use of amino glycosides and aminophylline.