EU citizenship to decide otherwise. Based on a cross-reference to its earlier Rottmann judgment,3 the Court (in)famously concluded that: Article 20 TFEU precludes national measures which have the effect of depriving citizens of the Union of the genuine enjoyment of the substance of the rights conferred by virtue of their status as citizens of the Union.4

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for their comments on earlier versions of this contribution. 1 Art. A of the 1992 Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty). It is debated whether the Maastricht promise has realized its full potential. See e.g.