Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with early childhood caries (ECC). Methods: It was an observational retrospective case-control study. The case group consisted of all patients diagnosed with ECC in the records of an active program of maternal and child care. The control group was composed of an equal number of children, matched for gender and age, who attended the program and did not have ECC. The process of data collection consisted of completing a pre-established schedule to analyse variables related to the mother/caregiver and child. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-squared and odds ratio (OR), with alpha (α) = 0.05. Results: History of caries in the mother (OR=2.61; CI 95%=1.45-4.67) and father (OR=1.72; CI 95%=1.02-2.89) were key determinants in the child being diagnosed with ECC. Conclusions: The risk factors associated with ECC were the following: no oral hygiene acceptance, nocturnal feeding duration of more than 16 months, a daily intake of sugar greater than 4 times a day, a Baume type II maxillary arch, fewer than 3 consultations with the program, and a history of decay in the parents.Key words: Dental caries; Child; Risk factors Fatores de risco associados à cárie precoce da infância -estudo caso-controle REsUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os fatores de risco associados à carie precoce da infância (CPI). Metodologia: Foi um estudo observacional retrospectivo caso-controle. O grupo caso consistiu de todos os pacientes diagnosticados com CPI nos registros ativos de um programa odontológico de atenção maternoinfantil. O grupo controle foi composto por um número igual de crianças, pareadas por sexo e idade, que participaram do programa e não tinham CPI. O processo de coleta de dados consistiu no preenchimento de uma ficha pré-estabelecida para analisar as variáveis relacionadas à mãe/cuidador e a criança. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado e razão de chances (OR), com alfa (α)=0,05. Resultados: A CPI foi associada à história de cárie na mãe (OR=2.61; IC 95%=1.45-4.67) e no pai (OR=1.72; IC 95%=1.02-2.89). Conclusões: Os fatores de risco associados à CPI foram: não aceitação higiene oral, duração da alimentação noturna de mais de 16 meses, ingestão diária de açúcar superior a 4 vezes ao dia, arco superior tipo II de Baume, menos de 3 consultas ao programa, e história de cárie nos pais.
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