Plastic waste can be seen in several areas in the Wonorejo mangrove forest, Surabaya, which is also a habitat for various types of microbes. Research on bacterial isolates from water samples in mangrove forests needs to be conducted to determine their diversity. This research was conducted to determine the diversity and dominance of bacterial isolates in mangrove forest waters. Each water sample was taken from a site that is regularly irrigated (station 1) and a site that is flooded (station 2). The number of bacteria in mangrove forest water samples was determined using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method and bacterial isolation was performed using the pour plate method. Subsequently, the bacterial isolates were characterized based on their colonies and observed for their dominance. The number of bacteria at station 1 was 4.85x102CFU/mL and 2.55x105 CFU/mL at station 2. Both stations showed bacterial diversity. However, several bacterial isolates with the same character can be found in both stations. Further research should be conducted to determine the potential of these bacterial isolates as plastic-degrading agents.

Pneumonia is a disease that frequently infects toddlers. Pneumonia cases in 2021 caused 9.4% of deaths in children aged 12-59 months. The effectiveness of pneumonia treatment is decreasing due to the increase of Streptococcus pneumoniae’s resistance to antibiotics. The application of natural plant extracts such as binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaf extract is chosen as an alternative treatment to pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to disclose the active compound of binahong leaf extract (A. cordifolia) that has the potential as an antibacterial to S. pneumoniae. This study was conducted in September 2022 at Universitas Negeri Surabaya with in silico method (blind docking) using PyRx software. The results of the drug-likeness assay showed that the three selected compounds (Linoleic Acid, Phytol, and Hexadecanoid Acid) met the criteria as drugs. The molecular docking assay that has been carried out showed that Linoleic Acid has the lowest binding affinity value (-5.4 kcal/mol) when compared to Phytol and Hexadecanoid Acid indicating its higher potential. This study shows that the selected compounds of the binahong leaf extract have the potential to be antibacterial to S. pneumoniae with PBP2 as the target protein. It is nevertheless necessary to conduct further research to determine the effectiveness and bioavailability of these compounds.

In addition to physical problems, acne caused by Staphylococcus aureus frequently leads to psychological problems as well. As a result, Treatment therapy using antibiotics in the long term and at inappropriate doses increases the rate of antibiotic resistance. Alternative treatments can be performed by using natural ingredients, such as cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura), which exhibit antibacterial properties. This study aimed to determine the active compound of M. calabura extract which has the potential as an antibacterial agent for S. aureus. The research was conducted in September 2022 at Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Using PyRx software, we carried out a molecular docking (blind docking) analysis. The drug-likeness test indicated stigmasterol, tetradecanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester compounds met the criteria as medicinal compounds. The results of the molecular docking analysis showed that stigmasterol has a binding affinity of -7.8 kcal/mol better than other compounds and RMSD of 1.482 Å indicating its high potential. The three selected active compounds have the potential as antibacterial agents for S. aureus. The application of this product as a treatment for acne, however, requires further research.