VAP was defined according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008 criteria and was identified from the surveillance data of the infection control team of our hospital.Clinical outcomes were studied in the VAC, IVAC, and VAP groups. Possible VAP was not investigated. RESULTS: Higher mortality was seen in VAC and IVAC subjects, but not in VAP subjects, compared with those without VAEs and VAP. By multivariable hazard analysis for hospital mortality, IVAC was independently associated with hospital mortality (hazard ratio 2.42, 95% CI 1.39 -4.20, P ‫؍‬ .002). VAC also tended to show a similar association with hospital mortality (hazard ratio 1.45, 95% CI 0.97-2.18, P ‫؍‬ .07). On the other hand, VAP did not increase a hazard of hospital death (hazard ratio 1.08, 95% CI 0.44 -2.66, P ‫؍‬ .87). CONCLUSIONS: We found that a VAE was related to hospital mortality in critically ill subjects with prolonged mechanical ventilation, and that VAP was not.

Introduction of a pediatric video laryngoscope resulted in a substantial decrease in the use of fiberoptic-assisted tracheal intubation. This change in intubation method might not influence the success rate of intubation in experienced hands but could be relevant for novice users.

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Our study suggests that time to extubation is more affected by the proficiency of the anesthesiologist than by the type of volatile anesthetic used.