Abstract. Twins’ relationships evoke critical dilemmas for parents and teachers regarding raising and educating their twins. The current study provides comprehensive psychometric information about the Twin Relationship Questionnaire (TRQ; Fortuna, Goldner, & Knafo, 2010 ) as examined in nine samples, using mothers’ and fathers’ reports on 1,560 pairs of twins, tested in five measurement points from age 3 to age 9. On half of the subsamples, we conducted principal component analyses (PCA), whereas on the other subsamples, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Five factors were found in the PCA and confirmed by the CFA: conflict, closeness, dependence, dominance, and rivalry. All scales showed adequate internal consistencies and corrected item-total correlations. Correlation matrixes between scales demonstrate a triad of conflict, rivalry, and dominance scales, as opposed to the dyad of closeness and dependence. As evidence for the TRQ’s reliability and validity, we report the degree of agreement between mothers and fathers, the 10-month stability of mothers’ reports, and the associations of the TRQ subscales with experimentally assessed prosocial behaviors between the twins at age 6.5, and with the twins’ reports on their closeness at age 11. The replication of the findings across ages and raters reinforces the reliability and validity of the questionnaire.

Twin relationships have a significant effect on the twins’ life and their families. In the first comprehensive study of this topic, our purpose was to examine the developmental courses of four dyadic dimensions of twins’ relationships: closeness, dependence, conflict and rivalry, and the impact of zygosity and parenting on their relationships. Parents reported on their twins’ relationships ( N = 1547 mothers and 536 fathers with data from at least one of four measurement points from 3 to 8–9 years of age). The sample included 322 monozygotic twin dyads (sharing virtually 100% of their genes), and 1194 dizygotic twin dyads (sharing 50% of their genetic variance, on average). Our findings indicated that closeness and dependence decreased while rivalry increased through childhood. Dependence and rivalry also presented quadratic change. The twins’ conflict increased only for dizygotic twins. As expected, we found that the twins’ closeness and dependence were highly associated, as did the associations between conflict and rivalry. The mostly nonsignificant associations of closeness with conflict and rivalry reinforced the notion that they are not bi-polar opposites. However, dependence was positively related to the twins’ conflict and rivalry. A zygosity effect was also evident as monozygotic twins had higher levels of closeness and dependence than dizygotic twins through childhood, but there was no significant difference in the levels of their conflict and rivalry. In congruence with family system theories, parental positivity predicted the twins’ closeness and dependence, and parental negativity predicted the twins’ dependence, conflict and rivalry. The results were discussed in light of an evolutionary perspective and the twins’ developmental challenges through childhood.

This study investigated the combined and unique contributions of occupational congruence, work-related ability, and personality to predicting two measures of work performance (peer ratings and superior ratings), using data collected for 359 military officers. The results indicate that personality and congruence relate to performance as rated by both superiors and peers (i.e., the introversion-extroversion personality factor correlated r = -0.15, p < .01 with peer ratings; one congruence measure correlated r = 0.19, p < .01 with superior ratings; and three congruence measures correlated r = 0.60, r = 0.43, and r = 0.45, p < .01 with peer ratings). The ramifications of the results are discussed in the context of the combined theoretical framework suggested by Tziner and Meir.

& e a c u t e ; t & e a c u t e ; retrouvés dans plus de 25 études (Meir, 1975) et décrivent une structure circulaire. Cependant, un autre type de métiers, appelé Tension, aventure et risque (TAR), ne figure pas comme type séparé dans les classifications de métiers comme celle de Roe. L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer si les TAR constituent un type séparé (hypothèse 1) ou une dimension, une différenciation & a g r a v e ; l'intérieur des autres types (hypothèse 2). En suivant le processus de L. Guttman (1968) et d'autres en utilisant l'analyse discriminante (smallest space analysis ou SSA) et un module pour variables externes, nos résultats confirment la seconde hypothèse. Les implications théoriques et pratiques de ces résultats sont Abstract: The vast array of occupations can be classified in many ways. The present study employed Roe's (1956) classification, based on psychological differences, which posits eight occupational fields: Business, Organization, General-Cultural, Service, Arts and Entertainment, Outdoor, Science, and Technology. These fields have been found, in more than 25 studies (see Meir, 1975), to display a circular structure. However, an additional group of occupations, entitled Tension, Adventure, and Risk (TAR), does not figure as a separate field in existing occupational classifications, including Roe's. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether TAR constitutes a separate field (Hypothesis 1) or a separate dimension, a differentiation within other fields (Hypothesis 2). Following procedures designed by L. Guttman (1968) and others, namely the SSA and the External Variables module, the findings support the second hypothesis. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

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