No abstract

No abstract

Irrational antibiotic use in the treatment of infectious diseases can result in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The purpose of this study is to determine the physical properties of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) and to assess its antibacterial activity against MRSA. Citronella essential oil was extracted using a water-steam distillation method, yielding 0.5 percent. Citronella essential oil has a specific gravity of 0.904, a refractive index of 1.470, and is slightly soluble in 80 percent ethanol. All of these parameters were in accordance with the Indonesian Standard Requirement (SNI) for Citronella essential oil. The disc diffusion assay was used to test the antibacterial activity of this Citronella essential oil. The result indicated that Citronella essential oil has an activity to inhibit MRSA invitro.

A BSTRACT Introduction: Robusta coffee ( Coffea canephora ) is one of the many crops cultivated in Aceh, and at present is only being used as a drink. Research has shown the potential of many pharmacological uses for coffee, including its use as a remedy to treat diabetes. Effervescent granules are one of the oral dosage forms that can not only mask the unpleasant taste of bioactive substances, but also have a high aesthetic value and can contain relatively large doses of bioactive substances. Previous research has shown that ethanolic extract of robusta green coffee beans at 100 mg/kg body weight (BW) rat yielded the highest percentage of glucose reduction. On the basis of that research, the dosage was used in this study to be formulated into effervescent granule. Aims: This study aimed to find the best formulation of effervescent granules preparation using various concentrations of effervescent salt that meets the general requirements of effervescent dosage forms. The concentrations of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate used in sequence were 7.35%, 14.7%, and 25% (F1); 8.08%, 16.17%, and 27.5% (F2); and 8.82%, 17.64%, and 30% (F3), respectively. Robusta green coffee beans were extracted using the maceration method. Results: Secondary metabolite screening of extract showed that it contained alkaloid, saponin, phenolic, and flavonoid metabolites. Effervescent granules were evaluated and F1 and F2 did not qualify the flowability standard of the granules, whereas F3 qualified in all the evaluation standards. Conclusion: On the basis of these results, F3 produced the best effervescent granules that met the general standards of the effervescent dosage forms.

Pharmaceutical dosage form that contains herbal materials has been developed in order to make it easy to consume. Tablet is one of pharmaceutical dosage form that generally used. A formulation and antimicrobial test of tablet containing extract of Kepel leaf with different concentration of diluents, binders, and disintegrants has been studied. The evaluation test showed that formulation consist of  25 % of Kepel leaf extract, 64.5 % of avicel PH 102, 2 % of PVP, 7 % of amprotab, 0.5 % of aerosil, and 1 % of talcum are better than the others. The experimental method used in this study was wet granulation. From the result of the mass granulation evaluation, it was obtain that speed flow without vibration was 2.53 second, with vibration was 2.83 second, bulk density was 0.329 g/mL, taped density was 0.376 g/mL and compressibility was 12.65 %. The result of tablet evaluation obtained that the average weight was 498 mg, with the average hardness was 4 kg/cm2 and disintegration time was 2.36 minutes. Antimicrobial test showed that in the concentration of 50 mg/mL, had average inhibitory diameter against S. aureus of 12.96 mm, P. aeruginosa 12.7 mm, and against B. subtilis was 12.53 mm. Whereas, concentration of 62.5 mg/mL had average inhibitory diameter against S. aureus was 13.5 mm, P. aeruginosa was 13.56 mm, and against B. subtilis was 13.43 mm. Both concentrations did not have antimicrobial activity against E.coli.