Aim: Atomoxetine (ATX) is a non-central stimulant and a standard treatment for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The long-term efficacy of Atomoxetine is about 40% at 6 months. The variability in efficacy between individuals is thought to be related to patient-specific factors, but no detailed research has been conducted. In this retrospective cohort study, we aimed to identify the factors associated with Atomoxetine efficacy.Methods: A total of 147 patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder aged ≥18 years who were using Atomoxetine for the first time were included in this study.The outcome was treatment success (treatment maintained for at least 6 months and improvement in symptoms). Symptom assessment was based on the overall improvement in symptoms judged by an expert physician.Results: Of the patient sample, 103 (70.1%) achieved the outcome. Logistic regression analysis identified "the maximum dose of ATX" and "gambling habit" as factors associated with efficacy ( P < 0.05). In the process of Atomoxetine titration, the larger the maximum dose, the higher the efficacy was shown to be. Gambling habits may be indicative of impulsivity, which is among the core symptoms of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Thus, a gambling habit may be considered a surrogate marker for impulsivity.Conclusions: Knowledge of these factors will help healthcare professionals to predict the likely efficacy of Atomoxetine in a given patient before subscribing it, facilitating individualized pharmacotherapy for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Background We conducted a historical cohort study of patients with schizophrenia to identify more robust risk factors at discharge that contribute to readmission within a year. Methods and Findings The subjects underwent brief psychoeducation during hospitalization. Multivariate analysis was conducted using factors selected in the univariate analysis. Using logistic regression analysis, the number of hospital admissions (P = .01) and Schedule for Assessment of Insight Japanese version score (P = .04) were identified as risk factors for readmission, with odds ratios of 0.70 and 1.18, respectively. Conclusions These results suggest that improvement in insight and early intervention may lead to a more stable community life.

Purpose: To identify factors for choking in psychiatric wards that can be easily screened.Design and Methods: Data were collected from patients admitted to the acute phase psychiatric wards who were assessed for swallowing function by dentists. We defined 47 and 102 patients of choking in the high-and low-risk groups, respectively.Findings: Through multivariate analysis, we identified basal metabolic index and two Drug-induced Extra-pyramidal Symptoms Scale items, bradykinesia and tremor, as independent choking factors.Practice Implications: Choking risk is related to patient tolerability rather than to the absolute severity of psychiatric symptoms or psychotropic dose.

Introduction: International standards for enteral feeding have been introduced, involving the use of feeding tubes with junctions. If these junctions are not properly cleaned, they can become contaminated, leading to microbial infections. We aimed to compare the ease and effectiveness of cleaning by four methods using the number of bacteria. Methods: We compared enteral nutrition tube junctions cleaned using four methods: water, toothbrush, cotton swab, and EnClean® brush; and an uncleaned control. Once daily for 7 days, the tubes were injected with nutrients, cleaned, and incubated at 37 °C. Samples for bacterial culture were collected before injections on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. The culture samples were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h, and the number of colonies was counted. Results: The number of bacteria remaining on day 28 did not differ between 4 cleaning methods and control groups. Also, there was no statistically significant difference in bacterial counts between the four wash methods. The number of washes did not differ among cleaning methods. Conclusion: The bacterial count in the ISO-standardized tube junction increased, and none of the cleaning methods decreased it.