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full chain') is necessary to realize CO2 emissions reductions. Notably, there are multiple technological options to realize each sub-process, with the 'optimal' option being case-dependent. For example, in North America, onshore storage sites are abundant, and an existing CO2 pipeline network provides relatively low-cost transport (GCCSI, 2021). On the other hand, in Europe and Japan, the potential storage sites are primarily offshore, making shipping of CO2 more feasible than pipelines (Baroudi et al., 2021).Despite the abundance of technological solutions available, CCS has not been deployed at the rate expected by modelers (Peters et al., 2017) or required by pledges of CO2 emissions reductions (Wang et al., 2021). It is often stated that the main barrier hindering the rapid implementation of CCS is its high cost. Naturally, if the price of polluting (e.g.,