To effectively and efficiently utilize steel/FRP plates or sheets in strengthening civil infrastructures, a design strategy integrating the FRP properties and composite structural behavior needs to be adopted. The interfacial stress transfer behavior including debonding should be considered to be one of the most important effects on the composite structural behavior. In this paper, varieties of nonlinear interfacial constitutive laws, describing the pre-and postcracking behaviour of FRP-concrete interface are introduced to solve the nonlinear interfacial stress transfer problems. Expressions for bonding capacity, interfacial shear stress distribution, initiation and propagation of interfacial crack are derived analytically.

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The authors examined the e唖 ects of neighborhood collective e阿cacy and violence on adolescents' antisocial behavior tendencies by means of the dual mediation of socialization indices i.e., social information-processing and self regulation and routine activities. Collective e阿cacy and violence exposure were assessed by neighborhood "informal social control" and "social cohesion and trust" during the elementary and junior high school years, and the frequency of violence in the community during junior high and high school years. Normative beliefs about aggression, cognitive distortions, social rule appropriateness and self regulation were used to assess both the positive and negative indices of socialization. Routine activities were assessed by the experience in unstructured socializing activities. Antisocial tendencies were assessed by evaluations of the seriousness and past experience of delinquent behaviors. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that the e唖 ect of collective e阿cacy on antisocial tendencies was perfectly mediated by the socialization indices, whereas experienced violence was partly mediated by routine activities. Possible improvements of this dual mediation model were discussed.

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