Climate change is one of humanity's most significant challenges in the 21st century, directly affecting ecosystems, environmental resources, and human life. Besides, the evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic and various crises have significantly impacted Vietnam's sustainable development goals. Vietnam is a country that is firmly committed to the implementation of sustainable development goals through the issuance of the Vietnam sustainable development strategy in 2030. Vietnam is one of the five countries most severely affected by global climate change, affecting directly sustainable development in Vietnam for the following years. Thus, the article aims to determine the key factors influencing sustainable development and propose policy applications for meeting sustainable development goals. In addition, the article overviewed the situation of sustainable development in Vietnam from 2011 to 2020 based on qualitative and quantitative methods to process data through SPSS 20.0 software. The authors surveyed 400 leaders and other people working for 40 provinces in Vietnam. This study used descriptive statistical tools, measuring scales with Cronbach's Alpha, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and regression analysis. Finally, the article's novelty identifies three key factors affecting sustainable development with a significance of 1.0 percent. The original study recommends policymakers and managers of provinces in sustainable economic development, socially sustainable development, and environmentally sustainable development. Three factors are critical and indispensable for sustainable development in Vietnam. And this is also a significant scientific research result in a period when the world has many complicated changes.