Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol prior to their import into the organelle. It is commonly accepted that cytosolic factors are required for delivering precursor proteins to the mitochondrial surface and for keeping newly synthesized proteins in an import-competent conformation. However, the identity of such factors and their defined contribution to the import process are mostly unknown. Using a presequence-containing model protein and a site-directed photo-crosslinking approach in yeast cells we identified the cytosolic chaperones Hsp70 (Ssa1) and Hsp90 (Hsp82) as well as their cochaperones, Sti1 and Ydj1, as putative cytosolic factors involved in mitochondrial protein import. Deletion of STI1 caused both alterations in mitochondrial morphology and lower steady-state levels of a subset of mitochondrial proteins. In addition, double deletion of STI1 with the mitochondrial import factors, MIM1 or TOM20, showed a synthetic growth phenotype indicating a genetic interaction of STI1 with these genes. Moreover, recombinant cytosolic domains of the import receptors Tom20 and Tom70 were able to bind in vitro Sti1 and other cytosolic factors. In summary, our observations point to a, direct or indirect, role of Sti1 for mitochondrial functionality.
Asherman's Syndrome is a condition that is characterized by intrauterine adhesions (I.U.A.), causing several symptoms, including pelvic pain, menstrual anomalies, infertility, miscarriage, and related psychological symptoms (Santamaria, Isaacson, Simón, 2018). The gold standard for I.U.A. treatment would be hysteroscopic lysis of adhesions through surgery. However, recurrence occurs frequently (Salazar, Isaacson, Morris, 2017), and prevention methods including pharmacological treatment and physical barriers have a high recurrence rate (Tu et al., 2013).Althaea officinalis L. (marshmallow) is a perennial plant with erect and woody stems from Malvaceae (Akbar, 2020). Marshmallow roots have been used in several traditional systems of medicine for more than two millennia (Ibn-Sina,1987).Marshmallow root contains 5-11% watersoluble mucilage polysaccharides composed of galacturonorhamnans, glucans, arabinans, and arabinogalactans carbohydrates (Dawid-Pać, 2013).Anti-inf lammator y, anti-ulcerogenic, and antimicrobial activities have been reported for different parts of A.
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