Many observational studies have found that microRNA-196a2 rs11614913, microRNA-146a rs2910164, and microRNA-423 rs6505162 are associated with esophageal cancer risk. However, the results were mixed and inconsistent among these studies. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between the polymorphisms of three microRNAs and esophageal cancer susceptibility. We systematically searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases to screen relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to compute the risk of esophageal cancer. Because of the differences in ethnicities, sources of controls, and genotyping methods, the meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effect model regardless of heterogeneity. To further explore potential heterogeneity, we performed subgroup and sensitivity analyses, and publication bias was also evaluated. A total of 6 case-control studies on microRNA-196a2 rs11614913, 4 studies on microRNA-146a rs2910164, and 4 studies on microRNA-423 rs6505162 were considered eligible in the meta-analysis. No statistical association was found between microRNA-196a2 rs11614913, microRNA-146a rs2910164, and microRNA-423 rs6505162 polymorphisms and esophageal cancer susceptibility in any genetic model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed similar results. In summary, based on the currently limited proof, no association exists between microRNA-196a2 rs11614913, microRNA-146a rs2910164, and microRNA-423 rs6505162 polymorphism and esophageal cancer risk. However, the result should be cautiously interpreted because of the heterogeneity among studies. Large, high quality clinical trials are required to verify our findings.