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The Arabidopsis gene AtCHIP encodes a protein with three tetratricopeptide repeats and a U-box domain, which is structurally similar to the animal CHIP proteins, a new class of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Like animal CHIP proteins, AtCHIP has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. AtCHIP is a single-copy gene, and its transcript is up-regulated by several stress conditions such as low and high temperatures. However, increased AtCHIP expression alone was not correlated with increased stress tolerance; in fact, overexpression of AtCHIP in Arabidopsis rendered plants more sensitive to both low-and high-temperature treatments. Higher electrolyte leakage was observed in leaves of AtCHIP overexpression plants after chilling temperature treatment, suggesting that membrane function is likely impaired in these plants under such a condition. These results indicate that AtCHIP plays an important role in plant cellular metabolism under temperature stress conditions.

A three-dimensional baroclinic nonlinear numerical model is employed to investigate the 12 summer upwelling in the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea (NCSCS) and the 13 mechanisms of the local winds inducing the coastal upwelling, associated with the QuikSCAT wind 14 data. First, the persistent signals of the summer upwelling are illustrated by the climatological 15 AVHRR (the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) SST (Sea Surface Temperature) image 16 over 1985-2006 and field observations in 2006 summer. Then, after the successful simulation of the 17 summer upwelling in the NCSCS, four numerical experiments are conducted to explore the 18 different effects of local winds, including the wind stress and wind stress curl, on the coastal 19 upwelling in two typical strong summer upwelling regions of the NCSCS. The modeled results 20 indicate that the summer upwelling is a seasonal common phenomenon during June-September in 21 the NCSCS with the spatial extent of a basin-scale. Typical continental shelf upwelling 22characteristics are clearly shown in the coastal surface and subsurface water, such as low 23 temperature, high salinity and high potential density in the east of the Hainan Island, the east of the 24

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