The catalytic oxidation of toluene to CO2 and H2O over nanoflower spinel CoMn2O4 synthesized by the oxalic acid sol–gel method has been investigated, and it demonstrates lower activation energy (35.5 kJ/mol) for toluene oxidation compared with that using the metal oxides (Co3O4, MnO x , and Co3O4/MnO x ), which shows nearly 100% conversion of toluene at 220 °C in the presence or absence of water vapor (2.0 vol %). Compared with the metal oxides (Co3O4/MnO x , MnO x , and Co3O4), the obtained spinel CoMn2O4 has a larger surface area, rich cationic vacancy, and high mobility of oxygen species, which are the reasons for its high activity for toluene oxidation. The different oxygen species shows the different role in VOCs oxidation, and the in situ designed-TP techniques are conducted to investigate the involvement of surface lattice oxygen, bulk lattice oxygen, and gaseous oxygen in catalytic oxidation of toluene over the spinel CoMn2O4 and Co3O4/MnO x catalysts. For spinel CoMn2O4, the surface lattice oxygen is the reactive oxygen species, which first induces the catalytic reaction. Furthermore, the gaseous oxygen moves to the bulk phase lattice and then migrates to the surface to form the surface lattice oxygen, which is different from the mixed-metal oxides Co3O4/MnO x that dissociates and activates gaseous oxygen only on the surface of the catalyst and requires a higher temperature. In addition, it is found that the toluene oxidation occurs via the benzyl alcohol–benzoate–anhydride–acetate reaction pathway over spinel CoMn2O4, and the conversion of the surface anhydride is the rate-controlling step, especially at 200–210 °C, which is also different from the mixed-metal oxides Co3O4/MnO x . These results could provide a considerable experimental basis for understanding the mechanism by which oxygen species participate in toluene oxidation.

CuO@CeO2 core–shell nanocomposites were fabricated and applied in NH3-SCO. Synergistic effect of CuO–CeO2 promotes the formation of the Cu–O–Ce structure, which is beneficial to N2 selectivity.

Tuning the interaction between the loaded metal oxide and the support material is an efficient strategy to boost catalytic purification of ammonia (NH 3 ) as an important factor in the formation of haze. Herein, CuO/CeO 2 catalysts based on the ceria shape effect (Ce-NR and Ce-NC) are prepared and tested for the selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia (NH 3 -SCO). The interaction between CuO and CeO 2 with different shapes is crucial to regulate the interface structure and the content of oxygen vacancies. The Cu/Ce-NR possesses more Cu + -O v -Ce 3+ interfacial sites and more oxygen vacancies and achieves a higher catalytic activity (T 100 = 240 °C) and a lower apparent activation energy (37.18 kJ mol −1 ) for NH 3 -SCO compared with Cu/Ce-NC (T 100 = 270 °C, 86.57 kJ mol −1 ). In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra and density functional theory calculation results prove that the Cu + -O v -Ce 3+ interfacial site is the main adsorption site for NH 3 . The further reaction of in situ generated nitrate with NH 3 is the rate-determining step over the CuO/CeO 2 catalysts, and it is revealed that NH 3 much more easily reacts with the monodentate nitrate species formed on the Cu/Ce-NR catalyst than the bidentate nitrate formed on the Cu/Ce-NC catalyst at 240 °C. This study enriches the understanding of designing efficient catalysts by support shape to modulate their interfacial structure and thus improve the activity of NH 3 -SCO.

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