Abstract. Water resources in river systems have been changing under the impact of both climate variability and human activities. Assessing the respective impact on decadal streamflow variation is important for water resource management. By using an elasticity-based method and calibrated TOP-MODEL and VIC hydrological models, we quantitatively isolated the relative contributions that human activities and climate variability made to decadal streamflow changes in the Jinghe basin, located in the northwest of China. This is an important watershed of the Shaanxi province that supplies drinking water for a population of over 6 million people. The results showed that the maximum value of the moisture index (E 0 /P ) was 1.91 and appeared in 1991-2000, and the decreased speed of streamflow was higher since 1990 compared with . The average annual streamflow from 1990 to 2010 was reduced by 26.96 % compared with the multiyear average value (from 1960 to 2010). The estimates of the impacts of climate variability and human activities on streamflow decreases from the hydrological models were similar to those from the elasticity-based method. The maximum contribution value of human activities was 99 % when averaged over the three methods, and appeared in [1981][1982][1983][1984][1985][1986][1987][1988][1989][1990] due to the effects of soil and water conservation measures and irrigation water withdrawal. Climate variability made the greatest contribution to streamflow reduction in 1991-2000, the values of which was 40.4 %. We emphasized various source of errors and uncertainties that may occur in the hydrological model (parameter and structural uncertainty) and elasticity-based method (model parameter) in climate change impact studies.

The aim of the present study was to compare the diagnostic values of ultrasound micro-flow imaging (SMI) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for neovascularization in carotid plaques, and to investigate their capacities for predicting the risks of cerebral stroke. A total of 39 patients (64 carotid plaques) with severe carotid artery stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy were selected between February 2015 and February 2016, and SMI and CEUS were used to detect neovascularization in plaques. According to the CEUS dynamic graph of plaques, the enhanced intensity visual scales and contrast parameters were obtained. Carotid atherosclerotic plaques were divided into 4 groups. The differences in the enhanced intensity visual scales, contrast parameters, and gray-scale median (GSM) values among the 4 groups were analyzed. Carotid plaque tissue samples from patients were stained for CD34, and the consistency of the methods for the diagnosis of neovascularization in plaques was analyzed. The differences in GSM values, enhanced intensities, and enhanced densities among the 4 groups of plaques were statistically significant (F=29.365, χ2=29.025, χ2=30.871, P<0.001); the differences in enhanced intensities of carotid atherosclerotic plaques with different echo types were statistically significant (χ2=17.951, P<0.001). The enhanced intensity of plaques was negatively correlated with the GSM value (r=−0.376, P<0.01), and the enhanced density of plaques was negatively correlated with the GSM value (r=−0.252, P<0.01). SMI and CEUS grading had good consistency (κ=0.860>0), there were statistically significant differences in new vessel densities with different SMI gradings (P<0.001), and the clinical symptoms and severity were positively correlated with SMI grading (rs=0.592>0). In conclusion, SMI and CEUS have good consistency for evaluating neovascularization in carotid plaques, and have good clinical value for evaluating neovascularization in carotid plaques.

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The transition from rhombohedral phase to tetragonal in screen-printed lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick films was studied using Raman-scattering spectroscopy, and the results were compared with those of x-ray-diffractometry investigations. The unfired films were subjected to rapid firing in an air atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 960 to 1150 "C!. During firing the composition of the films changed gradually as Iead evaporated, which moved the composition of films to the ZrO,-PZT region and resulted in precipitation of ZrO,. This caused the original rhombohedral structure to be converted to tetragonal. Correspondingly, the Raman spectra also changed. with increasing firing temperature. The variation in Raman spectra was characterized by three frequency regions, denoted as the low-, intermediate-, and high-frequency region, respectively, which are related to three cubic T,, modes. Moreover, it was also observed that the appearance of tetragonal modes was delayed from the formation of tetragonal structure during the process. This discrepancy suggested the existence of a certain "mismatch" in structure. 4294

The structural and mechanical properties of bone in the femoral neck and various other sites were investigated in intact (INT), sham-operated (Sham), and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Six weeks after operation, the maximal load and energy absorption of the femoral neck were significantly lower in the OVX than in the INT or Sham groups, being 73.2 ± 1.4 (SE) N, 86.3 ± 4.1 N, and 87.1 ± 3.2 N, respectively (p < 0.01) for load. The total cross-sectional area of the femoral neck did not change after OVX, but the marrow cavity area was enlarged, leading to a reduced bone area (including both cortical and trabecular bone) (p < 0.01). Histomorphometric analysis showed that new bone formation could not be detected at the periosteum of the femoral neck below the femoral head, but at the endocortical surfaces the double tetracycline labeling revealed an increased mineral apposition rate (MAR) and bone formation rate (BFR) in OVX animals (p < 0.001). In contrast, MAR and BFR were significantly increased in both periosteal and endocortical surfaces of the tibia, humerus, and femoral shaft, thus preventing a decrease in cortical bone area.