Cobalt (Co)-doped MOF-5s (Co-MOF-5s) were first synthesized by a secondary growth method, followed by a heat treatment to yield Co-doped ZnO coated with carbon (CZO@C). Compared with carbon-coated ZnO (ZnO@C), the doping of Co increased the graphitization degree of the carbon on the surface of CZO@C nanoparticles and enhanced the conductivity of the material. The electrochemical properties of the materials were characterized by galvanostatic discharge/charge tests. It was found that the as-synthesized CZO@C composites enabled a reversible capacity of 725 mA h g(-1) up to the 50th cycle at a current density of 100 mA g(-1), which was higher than that of ZnO@C composites (335 mA h g(-1)).

Heteroatom doped carbon materials have recently demonstrated an outstanding sodium storage ability and are being considered as the most promising candidates as anodes for sodium ion batteries.

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The limitation of a high-voltage lithium (Li) metal battery lies in the absence of a robust electrolyte that can endure oxidation loss at a high-voltage cathode and suppress the dendrite growth at a Li metal anode.

A flexible elastic N-doped carbon foam (NCF) has been successfully synthesized in situ via direct carbonization/pyrolysis of polyurethane foam, which is a facile, cost-effective and environmentally friendly method.