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We report a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a cadaver kidney allograft. The patient had diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The predisposing factors that led to this condition included hyperglycemia, a previous rejection reaction and Escherichia coli urinary infection. Persistent fever, pyuria, bacilluria and a nonfunctioning allograft resulted in allograft nephrectomy. The diagnosis was made on histological examination. Diagnostic criteria for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in the allografted kidney are similar to those in the native kidney.