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Stigma against people living with HIV (PLWH) seriously affects their quality of life. Moreover it can lead them to hide their HIV status from others, which in turn endangers public health. Many studies dealing with HIV-related stigma focus on the consequences of this phenomenon and pay less attention to the social conditions which affect different types of HIV-related stigma (anticipated, internalized and enacted stigma [ES]). Therefore, in this study, we tried to achieve more understanding about effective causal conditions of various types of experienced stigma. First of all, data were collected from 19 PLWH, using semi-structured interviews from those who had visited the Counseling Center for Behavioral Diseases in Mashhad. Secondly, the data were analyzed by applying a mixture of two methods: thematic analysis and qualitative comparative analysis (Boolean Algebra). The analysis of the data reveals that a combination of informing family members about HIV status, lack of family support, and medical support lead to anticipated stigma; a combination of religious beliefs and poor self-esteem results in internalized stigma and a combination of lack of family support, mistreatment by community, poor self-esteem, poverty and no religious beliefs lead to ES.

In an attempt to appreciate the contribution that social network analysis (SNA) might offer to translation historiography, two main approaches are presented and discussed in this study: explanatory SNA and exploratory SNA. The former is more concerned with SNA measures while the latter deals with three potential narratives of social networks. The aim is to employ SNA in diachronic and synchronic dimensions of literary translation publishing historiography in Iran from 1991 to 2010, a micro-macro framework that seamlessly integrates agents’ relationships, visualization and network analysis techniques to explore the impact of ideological-political shifts on the quantity as well as quality of major agents’ relations. Furthermore, the study attempts to explore how the synergy between Giddens’ Structuration Theory (GST) and SNA can support a deeper and more empirically grounded understanding of translation historiography. The goal of the study is both methodological and scientific. The results of SNA graphical outputs suggest that there is a significant relationship between the structure of relationships in fiction publishing field and the dominant political discourse in Iran.

Biases in Behavioral ...; Aims & Backgrounds People with different cultures have different emotional reactions in different urban spaces. Studies have shown that the internal and external characteristics of the environment affect the emotions of individuals from that environment. Hence, the discovery of the relationship between the built environment and emotional aspects and its impact on human behavior is one of the important dimensions in urban planning, but due to the fact that the root of the concept of emotional reactions in the environment is in the field of psychology of the environment and social sciences, there is no method and technique, and in fact, there is no definite model for measuring emotions in the field of urban studies. Therefore, the provision of an operational model for measuring emotions in urban spaces in order to improve the quality of urban design and urban planning policies is fundamentally important and necessary. Due to the lack of related studies in the field of methods and techniques of measuring emotions in urban studies, the aim of this research is to provide an operational model for measuring emotions in urban spaces, using qualitative analysis methods. This model can be a new human-based approach that helps people from different areas of knowledge with a new layer of information (related to emotions) in the planning and designing process to solve mental health problems in cities. Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and it is a multiple meta-method case study in terms of its nature and method. Theoretical literature and data collection were done by library and documents. Then, 30 case studies were selected and analyzed from valid studies between 1998 and 2017. Findings Based on this research, 5 main stages for measuring emotions in urban space were identified and categorized and, finally, the process of measuring emotions in urban space was presented in the form of an operational model. Conclusion The concept of urban sentiment can be a new human-centered approach that expresses spatial emotions (field) through the data collection by human and sensor technology and help the experts in the planning and design process as a new layer of information.