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Background and Objective: Klebsiella pneumoniae is known as one of the opportunistic pathogens. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance, emergence of multidrug resistant strains, and multiple virulence factors contribute to the development of various infections. In this regard, the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of fimH, magA, and rmpA genes among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in hospitalized patients from Babol, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 65 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were collected. In the present study, antibiotic resistance pattern was performed using disc diffusion method. After DNA extraction by a commercial kit, the frequency of magA, fimH, and rmpA genes was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. Results: A total of 65 strains was collected from Rouhani (n=42) and Shahid Beheshti (n=23) Hospitals. Based on the antibiogram pattern, the highest resistance rate belonged to erythromycin (61.5%) and cefotaxime (60%) and the lowest resistance rates belonged to imipenem (0%) and ofloxacin (16.9%). Furthermore, in the molecular method, the frequency of fimH and rmpA genes was reported 86.1% and 10.8%, respectively. It should be noted that none of the strains harbored the magA gene. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance strains among Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are increasing. On the other hand, the presence of some virulence factors can play a significant role in the development of resistant strains.

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder that can be continuous or recurrent. It has been previously reported that intestine probiotics play an essential role in the bidirectional communication of the intestine and brain. This study aims to investigate the antidepressant effects of kefir, a probiotic supplement, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and their potentials in depression-like behaviour treatment in two-week and four-week treatments. In the present study, BALB/c mice were used for this purpose. The saline- and fluoxetine-treated groups were designed as negative and positive control groups, respectively. The forced swimming and tail suspension tests have been performed to assess the level of depression-like activity. We have observed that two-week treatment reduces the duration of depression-like activities, and four-week treatment enhances the antidepressant properties. Overall, our results suggest that kefir, L. rhamnosus GG, and the investigated probiotic supplement have antidepressant-like properties.

Introdution: Today, probiotics are known to be effective in preventing the spread of many infectious diseases. Probiotic are living microorganisms that will be beneficial for the health of the host when used in adequate amounts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the probiotic properties of Lactobacillus isolated from traditional milk and yogurt. Methods: Probiotic properties of five Lactobacillus strains isolated from traditional milk and yoghurt of Babol including L. plantarum M19-1, L. paralimentarius M4-3, L. paracasei M18-1, L. paracasei Y8-1, L.paracasei Y1-3 and L. fermentum Y2-2 were studied. The inhibitory effect of these strains against Salmonella enteritidis H7 was measured. These strains also investigated for antibiotic susceptibility, resistance to acidic conditions, resistance to bile salts, and hemolysis. Results: The highest inhibitory effect was observed by Y1-3 strain with a mean diameter of 14 mm. In acid tolerance test at pH 2.5, M18-1 strain had the highest resistance, which its colonies were countable after three hours. Strains M19-1 showed the highest resistance to bile (MRS broth contains 0.3% bile) with Cinh 0.26. None of the strains had hemolysis activity. Conclusion: Lactobacillus strains with good inhibitory effects against Salmonella enteritidis could be isolated from milk and yogurt, which can be used as a probiotic candidate for the prevention or treatment of this bacterial infection, but further studies are needed.