No abstract

The historic city of Sana'a is an example of Islamic cities which is known as one of the most valuable historical city center of Islamic culture. In this regard, recognition of the structure and the historic city form of Sana'a, with emphasis on Islamic culture is analyzed and examined in this study. The important issue is that, the structures and architectural style of Islamic cities around the world, beside the common features, have difference and diversities which is also not recognized. The purpose of this study, is the recognition of the structure and form of the ancient city of Sana'a, with emphasis on Islamic culture. "What is the chief role of Islamic culture on the formation of Sana'a?" is the main question of this study. The theoretical framework of this study emphasizes on this fact that Islamic culture has played an important role in the organization of ancient cities. Descriptive-analytical method was selected which the independent and the dependent variables are the formation of Islamic culture in the city and important elements, respectively. Documentation and studying in the library are the best method for collecting data and data analyzing was don with examining the other documents such as drawings and related photographs to the different time intervals of urban spaces Sana'a. The results indicated that, the mosque, market and the other religious institutions have shaped the main axis of city culture and there's a close bilateral relations between the Islamic culture, the structure and the form of the ancient city of Sana'a.

There are a lot of similarities in contrast between tradition and modernity in contemporary architecture of Islamic countries in twentieth century affected by internal factors and international influences. In mentioned years which coincided years after Atatürk's death till the most important contemporary military coup in Turkey, governmental supports of each one of tradition demander and modernist have been accompanied with some internal and external factors in some periods and the contrast of mentioned tendencies forms the contemporary architecture in Turkey. In addition to the identification and classification of Turkey contemporary architecture tendencies and their social and political backgrounds, through investigating each one of tendencies' outstanding architectural monuments, this article is sought to investigate how these works are affected by traditional or international architecture. The ideas of architecture and urban planning famous experts of Turkey have been used for studying and classifying the works or mentioned tendencies and in order to analyze the samples, reliable and diverse sources and field observations have been used. In addition to classifying Turkey contemporary architecture tendencies in mentioned year in three general sub-categories and introducing indicator works of each one of mentioned tendencies, the results of research compare their effectiveness of traditional and international architecture.

One's cognitive perception of the environs is in direct relationship with their subjective mental image of the surroundings. Various elements influence the perception and legibility of the environment before human mind. Among these elements are the light and color of the environs. The question is which light or color spectrum is capable of heightening the legibility and spatial perception of the given environment for users. Considering that, the aim of the present study is first to examine the effect of lights and colors on the legibility rate of interior spaces, and then, to identify the reasons users have chosen them. To this end, authors have used augmented reality technology to simulate a variety of environments based on different light and color parameters. A group of 120 students from the Faculty of Art and Architecture of Islamic Azad University, West Tehran Branch, collaborated with the authors to carry out the study. For the purpose of the experiment, the interior of the faculty building was simulated using 3D software and was put through experience and evaluation by using augmented reality technology. Eventually, the students were asked to select those environments they deemed as featuring more perception and legibility than others. The participants' spatial perception was tested by assigning the type of the environment as the dependent variable. Color, light, and gender were examined as the independent variables. Chi-square test was used to determine the difference between the frequencies of the environments selected by the participants. Results showed that neutral color was more attractive than the other two color spaces. There was no significant difference between three color spaces in terms of guidance and invitation. Generally, the participants preferred neutral color over the other two colors. In other words, neutral color was better perceived than the other two because of its greater attractiveness.