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Development of science and technology and expansion of communication networks have overhauled many traditional aspects of human life. Shopping is a traditional urban practice that plays a central role not only in economics but also in urban development and transportation. Therefore, accurate determination of complex relationship between online shopping (e-shopping) and traditional in-store shopping can yield valuable data for transportation planners. The aim of this study is to assess this relationship for Tehran residents. To pursue this objective, 435 questionnaires were distributed and filled by Tehran residents and the obtained raw data were analysed by Spss23 software; the results were then processed by Amos23 software to develop a structural equation model. The results show that online searching has a positive impact on both e-shopping and in-store shopping. Moreover, a positive effect of e-shopping on shopping trip was found. These findings suggest that people who use Internet to purchase products are also committed to traditional methods of shopping.

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Information and communication technology (ICT) has revolutionized almost all aspects of human life. Thus, examining the effect of this technology on social problems such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, urban design, land use etc. is of immense importance for transportation planning. Using 303 questionnaires completed correctly by residents of Tehran, this study applied Structural Equation Modelling to investigate the effect of ICT usage in a broader definition on 27 types of out-of-home activities, which were classified into three categories of subsistence, maintenance and leisure activities. The results showed the complementary/generation effect of ICT usage on travel demand. The use of ICT was also found to increase the time spent on subsistence activities and decrease the time spent on maintenance activities, as out-of-home maintenance activities can be carried out more easily and rapidly by Internet, and so people naturally prefer to follow this approach.