Biofilms are the most ubiquitous and resilient form of microbial life on earth. One most important feature of a biofilm is the presence of a self-produced matrix, which creates highly heterogeneous and dynamic microenvironments within biofilms. Redox status in biofilm microenvironments plays a critical role in biofilm development and function. However, there is a lack of non-intrusive tools to quantify extracellular redox status of microenvironments within a biofilm matrix. In this study, using Shewanella oneidensis as a model organism, we demonstrated a novel approach to monitor extracellular redox status in biofilm microenvironments. Specifically, we displayed a redox sensitive fluorescence protein roGFP onto the cell surface of S. oneidensis by fusing it to the C-terminus of BpfA, a large surface protein, and used the surface displayed roGFP as a sensor to quantify the extracellular redox status in the matrix of S. oneidensis biofilms. The fusion of roGFP into BpfA has no negative impacts on cell growth and biofilm formation. Upon exposure to oxidizing agents such as H2 O2 , Ag(+) , and SeO3 (2-) , S. oneidensis BpfA-roGFP cells exhibited a characteristic fluorescence of roGFP. Proteinase treatment assay and super-resolution structured illumination microscopy confirmed the surface localization of BpfA-roGFP. We further used the surface displayed roGFP monitored the extracellular redox status in the matrix at different depths of a biofilm exposed to H2 O2 . This study provides a novel approach to non-invasively monitor extracellular redox status in microenvironments within biofilms, which can be used to understand redox responses of biofilms to environmental perturbations.

Continuous investigation of the CHCl3‐soluble and n‐hexane fractions of the leaves of Litsea acutivena Hayata (Lauraceae) led to the isolation of one new butanolide, acutilactone (1), one new lactone, 4‐nonacosyl‐dihydrofuran‐2‐one (2), together with 15 known compounds. The known compounds included one butanolide, one norisoprenoid, one quinone, two steroids, one triterpenoid, one coumarin, two fatty acids, one amide, and five other compounds. The structures of these compounds were determined by means of spectral analyses.

Purpose -The purpose of the paper is to investigate the price interrelationship between the Taiwanese and US financial markets. Design/methodology/approach -The trivariate GJR-GARCH (1,1) model and event study were employed to investigate volatility asymmetry and overreaction phenomenon, respectively. Findings -The empirical results show that return volatility reveals the asymmetric phenomenon, and the holding period returns on US index futures from the opening of the US index futures electronic trading to the opening of the Taiwanese stock market are an important reference for investors in the Taiwanese stock market. Additionally, the paper presents an overreaction of the Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index to a drastic price rise of E-min NASDAQ 100 Index futures at the opening of the Taiwanese stock market. Research limitations/implications -This paper deletes the observations arising from the different national holidays of the USA and Taiwan, to have the same number of observations in both markets, which might contaminate the empirical results. Practical implications -Investors in the Taiwanese stock market tend to pay more attention to the fluctuations in the share prices of high-technological companies in the USA. Originality/value -Most of the previous studies regarding price transmission between the Taiwanese and US stock markets focused mainly on the Taiwanese market reactions to the overnight returns of the US market. This paper enlarges the current field by examining the lead-lag relationship, the volatility asymmetry, and the overreaction phenomenon between the Taiwanese and US financial markets according to the most updated US stock index information.

No abstract

There are many daughters-in-law taken as wives by Taiwanese men from all over the world, and they have become a new ethnicity. After arriving to this new hometown, they must learn how to communicate in [local] languages and adjust to everyday customs. It is especially important for them to learn how to educate the next generation in this new environment and become a good daughter-in-law and a good mother. (Now News, 2013) 台灣民眾遠娶世界各國家來做媳婦的不少，成為新興的族群。她們到了這個新故鄉，必須 學到了與人溝通上的語言、生活習俗，尤其如何教養下一代，在不同環境中，要如何做個 好媳婦、好母親。