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Background To explore the clinicopathological significance of tumor budding (TB) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) prognosis. Methods Data of 200 patients with OSCC were retrieved from the cancer registration database in Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival relevant to TB were analyzed. Results The data showed that TB was predominant in the tongue and floor of the mouth in younger patients with OSCC and correlated with several pathological factors, such as perineural invasion and lymphovascular invasion. Patients with TB have significantly lower recurrence‐free survival (P ≤ .0001). TB was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with early cancer stage (P = .042). Multivariate analysis demonstrated extranodal extension and TB as independent predictors of lymph node recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio = 9.90 and 3.89, respectively). Conclusion TB is a significant predictor of tumor aggression with locoregional failure even in the revised 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system.

Our results suggest that nurses should assess older adults living in rural areas for nutritional health and nutrition knowledge. Based on this assessment, nurses should develop easy, practical and accessible nutritional programmes for this population.

The aim of this work is to optimize a peptide targeted macrocyclic MRI contrast agent for detection and risk-stratification of aggressive prostate cancer. The optimized agent was prepared using click chemistry in the presence of CuSO and ascorbate at room temperature. The T and T relaxivities of ZD2-N3-Gd(HP-DO3A) are 5.44 and 7.10 mM s at 1.4 T, and 5.53 and 7.81 mM s at 7 T, respectively, higher than the previously reported ZD2-Gd(HP-DO3A). The specific tumor enhancement of the agent was investigated in male nude mice bearing aggressive PC3 human prostate cancer xenografts and slow-growing LNCaP tumor xenografts. Contrast enhanced MR images were acquired using a 2D spin-echo sequence and a 3D FLASH sequence with a 7 T small animal scanner. ZD2-N3-Gd(HP-DO3A) produced robust contrast enhancement in aggressive PC3 tumors and little enhancement in slow-growing LNCaP tumors. It produced 400% and 100% CNR increases in the T-weighted 2D spin-echo MR images and 3D FLASH images of PC3 tumors, respectively, for at least 30 min at a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg. In contrast, less than 20% CNR increase was observed in the LNCaP tumors with both sequences. The optimized targeted contrast agent has higher relaxivities and are effective to detect aggressive PC3 tumors and differentiate the aggressive cancer from the slow-growing LNCaP prostate cancer in contrast enhanced MRI. ZD2-N3-Gd(HP-DO3A) has the promise for accurate detection and risk-stratification of aggressive prostate cancer.