After a single procedure of circumferential ablation with PVI and noninducibility, 82% patients did not have recurrence of AF. The inducibility of AF was related to the recurrence of AF. The atrial substrate affected the outcome of the inducibility.

Significant dilation of both superior PVs with simultaneous LA enlargement was demonstrated i

Atrial substrate remodeling with a progressive decrease in the left atrial voltage was demonstrated in patients with recurrent AF.

Focal PV stenosis is observed frequently after RF catheter ablation applied within the vein, but usually is without clinical significance. However, ablation within multiple PVs might cause pulmonary hypertension and should be considered a limiting factor in this procedure.

Structural remodeling of the superior PVs and LA can be reversible after successful ablation without AF recurrence; however, late recurrence of AF is associated with progressive LA dilation.