The grinding profile directly affects the wheel–rail contact relationship, so it is necessary to study the design method of rail grinding profiles for the curve section. Based on the Frechet distance method, the selection method of representative profile for worn rails was established. Based on the non-uniform rational B-spline theory, the description model of the rail profile was constructed. The reduction of rail grinding material removed and improvement of wheel–rail contact geometry were taken as the optimization objectives, and the multi-objective function of the grinding profile of the outer rail in the transition curve and circular curve section was established. The optimized design results show that compared with the measured grinding profile in the field, the rail grinding amount is reduced by 80.1% and 11.3% by using grinding profiles designed for the transition curve section and the circular curve section, respectively, and the distribution of wheel–rail contact points is more uniform. The dynamic indexes under different velocities and different radii are significantly reduced, and the curve passing performance is improved. The area of wheel–rail contact spot changes uniformly with the lateral displacement of the wheelset, and the maximum von Mises stress is improved obviously. The wear index and surface fatigue index decreased significantly. The optimized grinding profile can effectively extend the maintenance cycle and service life of the curved rail.