BackgroundAntidepressant prescribing rates in England have been increasing since the 1970s. The impact of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative on antidepressant prescribing rates is unknown. AimTo investigate the impact of the establishment of IAPT services on antidepressant prescribing rates in primary care trusts (PCTs) in England. Design and settingA longitudinal time-series analysis, using PCTlevel data from 2008 to 2011 set in England. MethodA time-series analysis was conducted using PCT-level prescription data, dates of establishment of IAPT services, and covariate data for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Statistical analysis was carried out using analysis of variance and a random-effect negative binomial model. ResultsAntidepressant prescribing rates in England increased by 10% per year during the study period (adjusted rate ratio = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.10). The implementation of IAPT services had no significant effect on antidepressant prescribing (adjusted rate ratio = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.00). ConclusionIntroduction of a large-scale initiative to increase provision of psychological therapies has not curbed the long-term increased prescribing of antidepressants in England. Keywordsantidepressive agents; cognitive behavioural therapy; depression; general practice; primary health care.

Syntheses of functionalised derivatives of cc-ionone have been developed which provide a route to the C,,-carotenoid, decaprenoxanthin.H.M.), the University of London for a postgraduate studentship (to B.P.S.K.), Roche Products for financial support, F. Hoffmann-La Roche for the C,, dial, and Professor J. A.Elvidge, University of Surrey, for the F.T. spectrum of the final product.

278ChemInform Abstract The 2-vinyl-α-ionone (III) is used for the synthesis of the 2,6-trans:2',6'-trans isomer (VIa) of decaprenoxanthin (VIb). The synthetic C50-diol (VIa) exists as a mixture of the DL and meso forms.

Ausgehend vo ungesättigten Keton (I) läßt sich durch Reaktion mit Diazoessigsäureäthylester, Kettenverlängerung, Acetalisierung der Ketogruppe und Reduktion der Estergruppe mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid über (II) und (III) der Alkohol (IV) herstellen.

The object of the author in this part of his investigation, is to shew that the portion of the food of plants which they receive from the soil, and which he endeavours to prove is chemically combined with it,—although to appearance generically the same in all soils,—is not composed, as some imagine, of one single proximate principle, the same in all circumstances, but consists of several principles varying in their respective proportions in different soils. And he farther attempts to establish the general proposition, that the varying proportion of these principles may be one great cause of the relative fitness of different kinds of soil for the cultivation or nourishment of different kinds of vegetables.