In order to analyze the correlation between the low-carbon economy and marine industry development, an empirical analysis method of the correlation between the low-carbon economy and marine industry development is proposed. The decomposition analysis method of marine industry carbon emission structure based on the input-output table is adopted to analyze China’s marine industry carbon emission structure and obtain the influencing factors of marine industry carbon emission. The calculation method of total factor productivity of marine low-carbon economy is used to calculate the productivity of all influencing factors of a marine low-carbon economy and analyze the technical effect after the integrated development of low-carbon economy and marine industry. The panel data model is used to analyze the relationship between the transformation and upgrading of the marine industry and the development of the low-carbon economy. The empirical analysis results show that the sustainable development of marine low-carbon economy can only be realized by improving low-carbon technology, and the advanced degree of the marine industrial structure plays the greatest role in the marine low-carbon economy. The marine industry needs to optimize low-carbon technology and improve the advanced degree of industrial structure in order to realize the integrated development of a low-carbon economy and marine industry.