The analysis of plasmonic photoelectrochemical reactions on nanostructured noble metal electrodes is an attractive field, but little is known about the detailed competition between the photochemical and electrochemical reaction processes, product selectivity, and synergistic kinetics. In this work, para-aminothiophenol (PATP), as a probe molecule in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), was used to investigate electrochemical and photochemical oxidation on nanostructured gold electrodes. Using electrochemical SERS (EC-SERS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the sophisticated oxidation process and the selectivity of PATP oxidation (electrochemical oxidation and photochemical oxidation) under different conditions were determined. Moreover, based on the provided oxidation pathways of PATP on the gold electrode, the oxidation kinetics of PATP was studied by COMSOL simulation and a spectroscopic tool. The increasing rate constant of cationic radical formation due to hot holes at a high laser power has induced the selective generation of photochemical products. This work built a system to modulate the reaction selectivity and will inspire photoelectrochemical kinetic research in other plasmonic metal electrode–adsorbate systems of nanostructures.

Lithium sulfur batteries are expected to be one of the most promising energy storage systems due to their high energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the shuttle effect...

BackgroundSpasticity is a common motor disorder resulting from upper motor neuron lesions. It has a serious influence on an individual's motor function and daily activity. Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) is a non-invasive and painless approach developed for therapeutic intervention in clinical rehabilitation. However, the effectiveness of this intervention on spasticity in patients with spastic paralysis remains uncertain.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of rPMS on spasticity, motor function, and activities of daily living in individuals with spastic paralysis.MethodsPubMed, PEDro, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for eligible papers with date up to March 31, 2022. Two independent researchers conducted study screening, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment. RCTs that explored the effects of rPMS on spasticity, motor function, and activities of daily living in patients with spastic paralysis were included for review. The Cochrane collaboration tool was used to assess methodological quality. The cumulative effects of available data were processed for a meta-analysis using Reedman software.ResultsEight studies with 297 participants were included. Most of the studies presented low to moderate risk of bias. Compared with the control group, the results showed that rPMS had a significant effect on spasticity (all spasticity outcomes: standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.94 to −0.16, I2 = 40%, and P = 0.006, Modified Ashworth Scale: mean difference [MD] = −0.48, 95% CI: −0.82 to −0.14, I2 = 0%, and P = 0.006), motor function (Fugl–Meyer Assessment: MD = 4.17, 95% CI: 0.89 to 7.46, I2 = 28%, and P = 0.01), and activities of daily living (Barthel Index: MD = 5.12, 95% CI: 2.58 to 7.67, I2 = 0%, and P < 0.0001). No side effect was reported.ConclusionThe meta-analysis demonstrated that the evidence supported rPMS in improving spasticity especially for passive muscle properties evaluated with Modified Ashworth Scale/Ashworth Scale, as well as motor function and daily activity of living in individuals with spastic paralysis.Study registrationThe reviewed protocol of this study is registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42022322395).Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDetails, identifier CRD42022322395.