This study examined the plexus lumbalis and its branches in the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). Fifteen sparrowhawks were used in this study. After administering an anaesthetic to the birds, the body cavities were opened. The birds were fixed with formaldehyde after draining of the blood. The nerves of the plexus lumbalis were dissected separately and photographed. The plexus lumbalis was formed by the union of the branches of the synsacral spinal nerves, which left from the ventrolaterale of os lumbosacrale. The plexus consisted of three (2nd, 3rd and 4th) synsacral spinal nerves. The cranial and caudal nerves originating from the plexus lumbalis were the nervus cutaneous femoris, nervus coxalis cranialis, nervus femoralis, nervus saphenus and nervus obturatorius. The general macroanatomical shape of the plexus lumbalis and the distribution of the nerves originating from this plexus were similar to those of other bird species.

The interdigital glands of sheep perform various functions including those pertaining to sexual behaviors. Morphological and histological structure of the gland demonstrates differences among species. The aim of this study is to examine the morphological and histological structure of Hasak and Hasmer sheep's interdigital glands and to determine the differences with other sheep breeds. For this research, we selected 7 Hasak and 7 Hasmer female sheep. After scarification, the feet were obtained and used for anatomical and histological examinations. For the histological examination, the interdigital gland tissues were stained with Crossman modified triple, Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB) staining. The morphometric analysis results, mean values of weight, body length, body diameter, flexura, ductus length, ductus diameter, were observed as 0. 80mm, 14.61mm, 5.98mm, 5.62mm, 26.58mm and 3.25mm respectively in Hasak and 0.8mm, 15.46mm, 6.37mm, 5.70mm, 24.52 and 3.52 in Hasmer sheep. The histochemical staining revealed that the apocrine secretion of this gland was PAS positive and AB negative. The weight, body length, body diameter, flexura, ductus length and ductus diameter in the forefoot's interdigital glands of both Hasak and Hasmer sheep were higher in a statistically significant manner than those of the hindfeet's glands.

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The distribution and location of endocrine cells were determined in the dorsal, ventral, and splenic lobes of sparrowhawk pancreas using immunohistochemical methods. In this study, pancreatic tissues were stained with anti-insulin, anti-glucagon, anti-somatostatin, anti-gastrin, and anti-serotonin primary antibodies using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. The results showed that the numbers of glucagon-(alpha cell), insulin-(beta cell), and somatostatin-(delta cell) releasing cells were high and located in the splenic lobe of the pancreas. These endocrine cells were grouped into alpha, beta, and mixed islets. Alpha islets were mainly composed of alpha and delta cells and also occasionally beta cells. Beta islets contained numerous beta cells and a few delta and alpha cells. Furthermore, in the exocrine tissue were showed as only one cell or 2-3 gastrin immunopositive cell groups, whereas serotonin immunopositive cells were not found anywhere in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. In conclusion, the endocrine islet types, endocrine cell localizations and lobe numbers of pancreas in sparrowhawks are similar to predator bird species, but are determined different to domestic fowls. Keywords: Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin, Gastrin, Pancreas, Sparrowhawk Atmaca (Accipiter nisus) Pankreas Dokusu Endokrin Hücrelerin Dağılımı ve Lokalizasyonu ÖzetBu çalışmada, atmaca pankreasının dorsal, ventral ve splenik loblarında bulunan endokrin hücrelerin dağılımı immunhistokimysal metotlarla belirlenmiştir. Pankreas dokusu anti-glukagon, anti-insulin, anti-gastrin ve anti-somatostatin primer antikorları kullanılarak streptavidin-biotin peroxidase metodu ile boyandı. Çalışmada, glukagon (alfa hücresi), insülin (beta hücresi) ve somatostatin (delta hücresi) salgılayan hücrelerin splenik lobda sayısının en fazla olduğu saptandı. Atmalarda pankreasın endokrin bölümlerinin alfa, beta ve miks adacıklar halinde gruplaştıkları saptandı. Beta adacıklarının çok sayıda beta hücresi, az sayıda delta ve alfa hücrelerini içerdiği belirlendi. Alfa adacıkları, genellikle alfa ve delta hücrelerinden nadiren de beta hücrelerinden oluşuyordu. Ayrıca, gastrin pozitif hücreler, sadece ekzokrin pankreasta 1 ya da 2-3 adet hücre grubu halinde bulunurken, seratonin pozitif hücrelere ise ekzokrin ve endokrin pankreasın herhangi bir bölümünde rastlanmadı. Sonuç olarak, atmaca pankreasının lop sayısı, endokrin adacık tipleri ve endokrin hücre lokalizasyonu açısından etçil kuşlarla benzerliği, evcil kuş türleriyle de farklılıkları belirlenmiştir.

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