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Traffic accidents have become an important problem for governments, researchers and vehicle manufacturers over the last few decades. However, accidents are unfortunate and frequently occur on the road and cause death, damage to infrastructure, and health injuries. Therefore, there is a need to develop a protocol to avoid or prevent traffic accidents at the extreme level in order to reduce human loss. The aim of this research is to develop a new protocol, named as the Traffic Accidents Reduction Strategy (TARS), for Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) to minimize the number of road accidents, decrease the death rate caused by road accidents, and for the successful deployment of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). We have run multiple simulations and the results showed that our proposed scheme has outperformed DBSR and POVRP routing protocols in terms of the Message Delivery Ratio (MDR), Message Loss Ratio (MLR), Average Delay, and Basic Safety Message.

Human beings reflect nomadic behaviour as they keep on travelling place to place whole day for personal or organizational purposes. The inception of modern networking technologies and the advent of wide range of applications in terms of services and resources have facilitated the users in many ways. The advancements in numerous areas such as embedded systems, WN (Wireless Networks), mobile and context-aware computing, anticipated pervasive computing dominated the human communication at large.Pervasive computing refers to the environment where information is accessible anywhere and anytime while existing system is invisible to the user. On the other hand, the invisibility of pervasive computing is also a problem in its adoption as users are unaware when and what devices collect their personal data and how it is being used. It has caused new security chaos as the more information about user is collected the more privacy and security concerns it raises, thus, the pervasive computing applications became key concern for user. This paper is aimed at analyzing the security and protection issues that arise while traveling from place to place connected with wireless mobile networks. The paper reviews many existing systems that offer possible security to pervasive users. An easy, precise and relative analysis and evaluation of surveyed pervasive systems are presented and some future directions are highlighted. Fig. 1. The advance computing capability of mobile devices made it possible to communicate where ever and whenever required. This computing capacity available in most of the daily use devices is characterized as pervasive computing. Pervasive computing is often referred as mobile computing or nomadic computing. 1. T echnology has changed the formation of communication world. According to the needs of society and industry, the modern day has witnessed bursting advancements in the applications of communication technology. The functionalities of mobile devices are increasing day-by-day and today technology has shrunken the world as illustrated in This is an open access article published by Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro under the CC by 4.0 International License.

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Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vulvovaginal infection and representsthe 35% of all the infections occurring in women in the reproductive age. Serious forms ofcan induce several complications such as spontaneous preterm labour and preterm birth, latemiscarriage and postpartum endometritis, PID, infertility, vaginal cuff infection and postabortalsepsis. Objective: To compare the efficacy of vaginal metronidazole and vaginal clindamycinin the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Study Design: Interventional: Quasi experimental study.Setting: Obstetrics outpatient department, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Durationof study: Six months i.e. from 01-01-2009 to 30-06-2009. Results: Mean age of patients wasfound to be 24.33 years. In the 100 patients enrolled, no statistically significant difference wasfound between Clindamycin 2% vaginal cream compared with metronidazole 0.75% vaginalgel using Amsell’s criteria. Metronidazole has a failure rate of 13% while failure rate was 6% inthe clindamycin group. Conclusion: A 3 day regimen of clindamycin 2% vaginal cream wasas effective as 5 day regimen of metronidazole 0.75% vaginal gel in the treatment of bacterialvaginosis.