Since fossil fuel emissions will continue indefinitely, we must find a suitable and long-term alternative, owing to the fact that it is biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly, biodiesel an excellent substitute for diesel engines. EASAC classifies the evolution of biodiesel into four generations. Biodiesel feedstocks and their advantages and disadvantages for different generations of the fuel are thoroughly analysed in this article. An in-depth investigation is provided in this article, of the benefits and drawbacks of various feedstocks used in the manufacturing process of different generations of biodiesel. In terms of the production of biodiesel, transesterification is the best method because it produces high-yield biodiesel with comparable properties to diesel, making it an ideal choice. As far as economics are concerned, this process is also viable. It is possible to meet the energy requirements of the future by blending different oil feedstocks. The system used and the cost of feedstock have the most significant impact on the cost of biodiesel production. Characteristics of biodiesel such as the oxidation stability, cold flow and cetane number, viscosity, and density, are some of the most important characteristics of biodiesel. Biodiesel’s performance in diesel engines was also discussed in this paper, and it was suggested that biodiesel is safer for the environment than Petro-diesel. Unlike Petro-diesel, it degrades four times faster and has with a higher flash point, making storage and handling easier. It’s also nontoxic and causes less irritation to the skin than soap and water. The paper also looked at the production of biodiesel using feedstocks from the first through the fourth generation.

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Polyethylene is found to accumulate in the environment, posing a major ecological threat. Affordable and environmentally friendly treatments are need of the hour to combat this plastic pollution. A study was made to isolate microorganisms from a sample of garden soil and evaluate their degrading potential. The plastic sample tested in this study were Low Density Polyethylene shopping carry bag. The growth of LDPE degrading strains was carried out in Mineral salt agar medium with LDPE as the sole carbon and energy source. Six strains were isolated. One of the strains namely A3 was found to show maximum growth rate. It was known that LDPE is resilient to biodegradation. Nevertheless, the present work shows the utilization of LDPE by A3 strain as carbon source and indicates that microbes are familiarizing towards hydrocarbons. The phenotypic fingerprint like Gen III biolog was used to actuate the substrate utilization of strain A3 and identified it as, Riemerella anatipestifer. Preliminary growth studies were carried out initially. The optimal conditions were found to be pH of 7.1, temperature of 37ᵒC, contact time of 72hrs, LDPE weight of 0.042g and inoculums volume of 3v/v. LDPE degradation was confirmed by the weight loss which was found to be 20.09% after an incubation of 35 days. As per our work we found that, garden soil is a good source of bacteria that can degrade LDPE. These results also signify the potential of novel strain Riemerella Sp. to degrade LDPE films. This manuscript will pave the way for future studies on biodegradation.

The chemical moreover petroleum industries are responsible for the production of a diverse range of organic contaminants that are extremely hazardous.  As a result, these industries have contributed to the accumulation of damaging impacts on the surrounding environment. These companies' waste water typically contains aromatic organic chemicals, which are notoriously difficult to degrade through natural processes and, as a result, are found to be pervasive in the environment. Being the straightforward units for an extensive variety of organic substances, In industries such as oil refining, production of phenol and the various derivatives of it, pharmaceuticals, productions of resins, textile dyes, paints, disinfectants, petrochemicals, and paper mills, phenol and its derivatives are used, and as a result, The effluents produced by these industries often contain phenol as well as derivatives of phenol. The existence of phenolic compounds in water systems is associated with significant increases in the likelihood of adverse health effects being experienced by both human beings and other organisms.  In light of this, the elimination of such potentially hazardous substances has garnered a significant amount of focus in recent decades.  The removal of phenolic pollutants from aquatic environments by biodegradation is a technique that is both environmentally friendly and economical. For the purpose of optimising procedure process, building bioreactor systems, and scaling up microbial wastewater treatment procedures to fulfil the requirements of the effluent quality standard, having an understanding of the kinetics of microbial growth and biodegradation is absolutely essential. The current study concentrates on a number of different research publications on Haldane kinetic models, which are utilised to Describe the processes involved in the growth of microbes on phenol.