Objective: To assess the frequency of dry eye among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Pakistan Naval Ship Hafeez Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan, from Mar to Aug 2021. Methodology: Children aged 7-15 years reporting to the PNS Hafeez Hospital, OPD were included in the study. A proforma was used to record the demographics and screen time of the children. In addition, an ophthalmic examination was conducted to assess the dry eye status of the children using the Schirmer-II test. Results: Seventy-three children participated in the study. Their mean age was 11.08±2.42 years. There were 40(54.8%) boys and 33 (45.2%) girls. These children had a mean daily screen time of 7.23±2.77hours. Children with dry eye had a greater amount of screen time (8.75±2.11hours) as compared to those with normal tear function (6.05±2.66 hours; p<0.001). In addition,the screen time of children with dry eyes was significantly greater than those with normal tear functions (p=0.001). Conclusion: Children with dry eyes were reported to have more screen time and more online classes than their counterparts with normal tear functions. Authorities should consider resuming face-to-face sessions for all school children.

Objective: To compare visual outcomes and differences in surgically induced astigmatism between superior and supero temporal incisions in manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS). Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalakot Pakistan, from Jan to Jun 2017. Methodology: Sixty patients were selected and divided into two groups of 30 patients each. One Group was given a superior incision, the other was made the supero-temporal incision, and Manual small incision cataract surgery was performed.Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, keratometry and refractive data were collected for all patients. In addition,surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was analysed using a line SIA calculator. Results: The mean age of our patients was 59.57±10.13 years. Post-operatively, the visual acuity significantly improved in both groups. Mean induced astigmatism due to surgery came out to be 0.75±0.44 D for the superior incision and 0.45±0.18 D for the supero- temporal incision. The study found that in the Superior Incision-Group, induced astigmatism was slightly higher than in the Supero-Temporal-Group. Moreover, the Supero-Temporal-Group had a better uncorrected visual outcome than the Superior Incision-Group. Conclusion: Overall, manual small incision cataract surgery has good visual outcomes. Manual small incision cataract surgery through supero-temporal incision was found to have a better visual outcome with less surgically induced astigmatism than the superior incision.

Objective: To assess any association between the cooperation of patients during biometry and cataract surgery by phacoemulsification in order to predict the type of anesthesia for the subject surgery. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Eye Department, Combined Military Hospital, Multan Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2019. Methodology: A total of 332 patients requiring cataract surgery by phacoemulsification were recruited from the Eye department of Combined Military Hospital Multan. Patient cooperation level was measured during A-scan biometry. The cooperation level of same patient, assessed during biometry was used to plan the type of anesthesia to be administered during cataract surgery by phacoemulsification. Results: There were 209 male and 122 female patients with the mean age of 65.14 ± 0.57 years. A significant association was found between the cooperation of patient during biometry and cataract surgery by phacoemulsification appointments (p=0.02). A significant proportion of the patients 162 (81.4%) maintained their good cooperation during surgery. Out of the 133 patients, exhibiting poor cooperation during biometry procedure, 88 (66.3%) showed an improvement in their status by having good cooperation in surgery procedure. Conclusion: In the light of favorable clinical observation, the cooperation of the patients at the biometry procedure may be considered as a significant predictor of the type of anesthesia to be administered during cataract surgery by phacoemulsification.