Objective: To assess food behaviour and determine nutritional intakes of various vegetarian populations in France. Design: A ®ve-day self-administered food record which was mailed to members of the three principal French vegetarian organisations. Subjects: 145 subjects, aged 7 ± 87 y; 94 classical vegetarians (19% of those contacted), 34 Hindu lactovegetarians (17% of those contacted) and 17 macrobiotic (34% of those contacted). Setting: The survey was conducted between March 1997 and July 1997 in France. Results: Vegetarianism in France is represented by three main classes of food behaviour: ovolactovegetarian (AAV), lactovegetarian (KRI) and macrobiotic (MMK). The geometric mean intakes ranged from 1952 kcalad (KRI), 2051 kcalad (MMK) to 2384 kcalad (AAV) for males and from 1302 kcalad (MMK), 1675 kcalad (AAV) to 1804 kcalad (KRI) for females, after adjusting for age and BMI. The energy consumption in the MMK group was signi®cantly lower than that in the AAV (P`0.05) and KRI groups (P`0.01), respectively. A difference among groups was observed for females (P 0.0002), but not for males. The MMK group consumed less lipid than the other two vegetarian groups, 46 gad for men and 38 gad for women vs 80 gad for men and 61 gad for women in the AAV group and 93 gad for men and 81 gad for women in the KRI group, respectively. Differences with AAV and MMK were statistically signi®cant (P`0.001 for men and women for both groups). Mean protein consumption ranged from 60 gad (AAV), 64 gad (KRI) to 77 gad (MMK) for males and from 46 gad (MMK), 50 gad (AAV) to 58 gad (KRI) for females. Mean carbohydrate intakes ranged from 247 gad (AAV), 321 gad (KRI) to 338 gad (MMK) in males and from 209 gad (MMK), 228 gad (AAV) to 242 gad (KRI) in females. There were no signi®cant differences in protein and carbohydrate intakes between the groups. Median calcium intakes ranged from 758.2 mgad (MMK), 863 mgad (AAV) to 989.3 mgad (KRI) for the men and from 500.8 mgad (MMK), 863 mgad (AAV) to 934 mgad (KRI) for the women. In the men, there was no differences in daily calcium intakes between the three vegetarian groups. However, we found a signi®cant difference for women (P 0.0041). The women in the MMK group presented signi®cantly lower daily calcium intakes than the women in the AAV (P 0.013) and KRI (P 0.0032) groups. The AAV and KRI groups consumed dairy products supplying respectively 36% and 53% for the men and 39% and 59% for the women of total calcium against 0% for men and women in the MMK group. Median iron intakes ranged between 12.5 mgad (KRI), 13.2 mgad (AAV) and 22.5 mgad (MMK) for the men and between 11.2 mgad (KRI), 14.6 mgad (AAV) and 16.9 mgad (MMK) for the women. MMK (men P 0.0172 and women P 0.0131) and AAV (only in men P 0.037) groups consumed signi®cantly higher quantities of iron than did the KRI group. The heme iron median intake in males and females of the three vegetarian groups was very low (`0.5%).Overall, the female vegetarians consumed 58.1 (MMK), 109 (AAV) and 127.4 (KRI) mg of vitamin C per day and the males 76...

With increasing intake of dietary supplements (DS) including health functional foods (FF) among children and a recent rescission of restrictions in shape/form of FF, children's excessive vitamins/minerals (V/M) intake became a matter of concern in Korea. A nationwide survey was conducted to estimate children's V/M intake from various dietary sources employing 3 representative samples of children for summer & fall of 2008 and spring of 2009 by stratified multistage sampling of 120 survey sites/season based on the 2005 census population. About 30 households from each survey site were screened for residing children of 0–19 years and @ 1,700 households remained as eligible sample per season. Trained dietitians visited households to perform face‐to‐face interview to children regarding DS and OTC V/M products consumption during 1 month prior to interview. Name & type of product, quantity & frequency of use, compliance with recommended dose, etc. were questioned. Out of 5,328 children responded, 19% reported 1 or more DS consumption. Consumption rate was higher in boys (20.1% vs. 17.8%) and youngsters (21.0% compared to 14.3% in adolescents). Although only a minor portion of children showed V/M intake higher than UL, most of them were 0–6 years. Because current maximum levels of V/M in DS were set for adults, using separate doses or directions for children is recommended. Supported by a grant 09082KFDA999 from KFDA in 2008–9.