Highly monodisperse polystyrene (PS) nanospheres were fabricated by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization in water using styrene, 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl propionamidine) dihydrochloride (AIBA), and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). The size and distribution of the PS nanospheres were systematically investigated in terms of initiator concentration, stabilizer concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, and reactant concentration. With increasing AIBA initiator concentration, PS particle sizes are raised proportionally, and can be controlled from 120 to 380 nm. Particle sizes were reduced with increasing PVP concentration. This decrease occurs because a high PVP concentration leads to a large number of primary nuclei in the early stage of polymerization. When the reaction temperature increased, the sizes of the PS particles decrease slightly. The particles grew quickly during the initial reaction stage (1-3 h) and the growth rate became steady-state after 6 h. The PS sizes approximately doubled when the reactant (styrene, PVP, azo-initiator) concentrations were increased by a factor of eight.

This study examined emergency medical service (EMS) transportation patterns for adult trauma patients before and after establishing a level 1 regional trauma center (RTC) and to evaluate the transportation approach after prehospital severity screening. methods: This was a retrospective observational study of trauma patients aged ≥18 years admitted via EMS to the emergency department or a level 1 RTC, 1 year before to 3 years after RTC establishment. Patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) in the patient registration system were selected. Analyses were performed to determine transportation pattern changes by comparing patients pre-and post-RTC establishment and by yearly comparisons over the 4-year study period using the Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test. results: Overall, 3,587 patients were included. The mean ISS was higher in the post-RTC group (n=2,693; 10.63±8.90, median 9.00) than in the pre-RTC group (n=894; 9.44±8.20, median 8.00; p<0.001). The mean transportation distance (9.84±13.71, median 5.80 vs. 13.12±16.15 km, median 6.00; p<0.001) was longer in the post-RTC group than in the pre-RTC group. Furthermore, proportionally fewer patients were transported from an area in the same city as the RTC after establishment (86.1% vs. 78.3%; p<0.001). Yearly comparisons revealed a gradually increasing trend in the hospital death rate (p trend =0.031). Conclusions: After establishing a level 1 RTC, the EMS transportation of severe trauma patients increased gradually along with the long-distance transportation of minor trauma patients. Therefore, improved prehospital EMS trauma severity assessments and level 1 RTC involvement in patient classification in the prehospital phase are necessary.

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The European Convention on Human Rights is a document that guarantees human rights by limiting the scope to Europe. In the Convention on Human Rights, various human rights are derived and guaranteed by the interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights as well as human rights under the Convention. Among the human rights guaranteed by the Human Rights Convention, there is a right to trial. The right to a trial is the right to a fair trial, the right to a trial within a reasonable period of Consisted. Recently, as movement between countries has become easier, the right to a trial has become an issue not only in domestic judicial procedures but also in the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The basic purpose of the right to a trial is to obtain relief from the right through a fair and expeditious trial in an independent court for those who want to settle personal disputes and disputes between innocence and innocence of those charged with criminal trials through judicial procedures. The right to receive such a trial has the character of a subjective right, but it can be seen that the state's discretion is wide due to the nature of the state power called judicial power. Due to the nature of the state power of judicial power, there is also a wide room for the discretion of the state. The European Court of Human Rights interprets the right to a trial under the Human Rights Convention more broadly, and recognizes the right to the recognition and execution of foreign judgments as precedents. In this paper, the meaning of the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, which have been formed by the precedents of the European Court of Human Rights, and the guarantee procedures and limitations in contracting countries are to be reviewed.

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