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Nitric oxide is one of many proinflammatory mediators that are involved in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammatory disorder and is synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). iNOS is transcriptionally regulated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in cases of inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. It has also been reported that nitric oxide is positively regulated by carrageenan and negatively regulated by hyaluronan in the knee joint. The aim of this study was to histologically evaluate how inflammation and cell proliferation of the synovial membrane are affected by the exogenous administration of carrageenan and hyaluronan in the rat TMJ by investigating iNOS, NF-κB, and anti proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity. As results, immunoreactive cells to iNOS, NF-κB, and PCNA were normally localized only in the synovial membrane of wild type TMJs. The numbers of immunoreactive cells were extensively larger in the carrageenan-injected synovial membranes exhibiting excessive folding, and smaller in the hyaluronan-injected synovial membranes showing a few folds. These results indicate that a carrageenan injection induced inflammation and cell proliferation especially in the synovial membrane and that hyaluronan relieved the inflammation by decreasing inflammatory molecules in the synovial membrane.

Teratomas are rare germ cell neoplasms derived from the 3 germinal layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Nasopharyngeal teratoma is a very rare teratoma arising anywhere from the oronasal cavity, regarded as an expanding, avity filling lesion, with a high mortality rate because of severe airway obstruction, especially in the neonatal period and make up only 2% of all teratomas. The authors present a case of an infant girl with a single, finger-like, hairy teratoma arising from the vomer and protruding from the mouth with bilateral complete cleft palate, cleft lip, and cleft alveolus. Complete intraoral resection of the teratoma and cleft lip repair was conducted simultaneously. Reconstruction of the cleft palate was performed at a later stage. Recurrence occurred 9 months after surgery and extended complete surgical excision was performed after recurrence, with no recurrence observed again to date. Histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of congenital mature teratoma.