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Nanoporous electrodes with extremely small pores have been developed for improved supercapacitors and electroanalysis. Ion transport into nanoconfined spaces has been studied using nanoporous carbon. Herein, we explore the size effect and hydrophobicity of ions on the charging dynamics using microporous Pt by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. As the size of the effective hydrated ions decreased, the capacitance increased, and the movement of ions into and within the nanopores was less restricted. The effect of ionic size was more pronounced for hydrophobic organic cations than for hydrophilic alkali cations in microporous Pt. In addition, the microporous Pt electrode exhibited better performance in terms of capacitance and charging dynamics than the mesoporous carbon electrode when the hydrophilic electrolyte is dissolved in an aqueous solution. These findings provide insight into the formation of an electrical double layer at microporous metal electrodes and their applications in supercapacitors, electrocatalysts, and electroanalysis.

We present a new strategy for the fabrication of a fully integrated electrochemical platform. The three‐electrode system consists of an indium tin oxide interdigitated array as working electrode, a solid‐state reference electrode, and an electrodeposited Pt counter electrode that are placed in microfluidic channel. By controlling the electrodeposition conditions, such as the applied potential and time, the stability and uniformity of the films can be optimized. A solid‐state reference electrode was fabricated on the nanoporous Pt via electropolymerization of poly‐1,3‐phenylenediamine. This system provides a simple method for the fabrication of three‐electrode system and opens the possibility for an electroanalytical platform.

Background:Alcohol is personal and social problem around the world. Though binge drinking is associated with the elevation of arbohydrate deficient trasnferrin and r-glutamyl transpeptidase, studies of the relationship between heavy drinking and other biological markers are rare. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between heavy drinking and CBC figures through flushing and non flushing using both NIAAA and Korean guidelines. Methods: The subjects were 581 Korean adult males: who had undergone a comprehensive medical evaluation at Chungnam National University Hospital between June and December of 2013. 98 of total were non-drinkers, 225 of them flushers, and the rest 258 of them were non-flushers. One standard drink is defined as any drink that contains 14 grams of alcohol. Criteria for immoderate drinking was applied to greater than 14 glasses/week and more than 8 glasses on any day for a non-flush group with reference to the United States' guideline (National Institute in Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIAAA) and South Korean guideline, and it was also applied to greater than seven glasses/week, and more than four glasses on any day for a flushing group. It was to investigate whether immoderate drinking would be predictable according to increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV), decreased hemoglobin (Hb), and decreased platelet (PLT). Our investigation was to find the correlation with the increased MCV, decreased Hb, and decreased PLT as a means of predictions for immoderate drinking. The study was to examine the CBC's predictability of immoderate drinking through a combination of increased MCV, decreased Hb, or decreased PLT. If one of these three items were abnormal: group A, if two of the three items were abnormal: group B. Results: Predictability of group A was 23.1% in flushing drinkers and 21.7% in non-flushing drinkers for US NIAAA immoderate drinking, whereas 30.8% in flushing drinkers and 30.4% in non-flushing drinkers considering Korean guideline immoderate drinking. Predictability of B group was 100% in flushing and non-flushing drinkers for both NIAAA guidelines and Korean guidelines.

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