No abstract

A novel approach to study nanomechanical properties such as deformation, adhesion or Young's modulus is presented for freshwater diatoms having sizes ranging from tens to hundreds of micrometers. Changes occurring in the environment, such as water acidity or temperature variations, have an impact on the diatoms population, as they can cause the death of certain species favoring simultaneously the growth of another. The nanomechanical properties were measured by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in a unique PeakForce tapping (PFT) mode. The observed changes of the Young's modulus measured in the frustule of Cyclotella meneghini diatom were in the range of 7–25 GPa, clearly confirming that, in this part of the diatom, degeneration occurs. The use of the PFT mode in the AFM allowed also for measuring the surface of diatoms exhibiting a very developed topography. This is a new methodology for quantitative measurements of nanomechanical properties allowing to monitor environmental changes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The entry into force of the Association Agreement with the European Union was a fateful event for the contemporary history of Ukraine. Currently, both components of the association: political one, which consists in spreading European values to Ukraine, and economic one, which involves Ukraine's integration into the EU internal market in exchange for legislation approximation, are without exaggeration fundamental factors for further development of Ukraine. The results of the previous years of the Association Agreement implementation testify to both significant achievements and a number of problems in Ukraine's fulfillment of its association with the EU “homework”. The article is devoted to the analysis of dynamics and the recent trends in the process of the Agreement implementation. As a result of the political changes that took place in Ukraine in 2019, including the election of a new president, parliament and government, European integration work on the implementation of the Association Agreement began in the new conditions. The improvement of the national institutional mechanism designed to ensure better coordination of work on the implementation of the Agreement between the competent authorities is among the positive trends in the process of its implementation. The fundamental legal principles and basic directions of work on Agreement updating are analyzed. It is proved that the prospect of updating has become an effective impetus to improve implementation processes. By initiating such an update, in order to strengthen its position in the negotiations with the EU, the Ukrainian side is forced to objectively assess the effectiveness of the Agreement implementation in certain areas and to intensify the completion of processes that are significantly behind. A new challenge in the process of implementing the Association Agreement was the emergence of the pandemic factor in 2020. The introduction of national quarantine and the incidence rate have significantly shifted priorities and affected European integration processes, both within Ukraine and at the EU level. At the same time, it was stressed that the situation to ensure the Rule of law, in particular, the fight against corruption is the main challenge not only to obligations fulfillment under the agreement, but also to the entire European integration policy of Ukraine. It is noted that the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine to repeal a significant part of anti-corruption legislation threatens the further integration of Ukraine with the EU. It was stressed that the future of not only Ukraine but also the region as a whole depends on whether the Association Agreement with the European Union will continue to serve as a transformational force capable of overcoming the weakness of the Rule of law within the country.

Досліджено питання інформаційної та національної безпеки, пов'язані з незаконним збором персональних даних користувачів соціальних мереж та наступним протиправним їх використанням. Обґрунтовано пропозиції щодо протидії такому явищу. Ключові слова: інформаційна безпека, національна безпека, Інтернет, соціальні мережі, персональні дані.

The article comprehensively analyzes current legislation of the European Union on Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for veterinary medicinal products in particular the provisions of Directives No. 91/412 and No. 2001/82, and describes GMP main elements. It is noted that as a result of EU-Ukraine Association Agreement signing a new stage in the development of Ukrainian legislation regarding the turnover of veterinary medicinal products has begun, which is characterized by the increased impact of EU law on the legal regulation of this industry. The state of the appropriate national legislation reforming was analyzed. It was proved that today the main directions of such reforming are related to the integrated introduction of Good Manufacturing Practice and to the restoration of the production of veterinary medicinal products licensing. The importance of prompt and effective completion of these reforms which will have significant consequences not only for the national pharmaceutical industry, but also for the protection of the health of animals and people in general, was underscored. It was emphasized that the scale of the obligations undertaken by Ukraine to harmonize the legislation on the circulation of veterinary medicinal products requires prompt and qualified organizational work by the Ukrainian competent authorities.