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Polyaniline (PANI), is one of the promising candidates for utilization as electrode material in supercapacitors and its electro-and physical-chemical properties have been studied for several decades. However, there are fundamental questions that need to be answered. For example, is it possible to obtain and characterize individual PANI chains or what is the impact of

A nondestructive approach to determine the wurtzite GaN crystal polarity based on X-ray photoelectron diffraction is proposed. The approach, utilizing the ratio of photoemitted electron currents excited by a standard laboratory X-ray source from the N 1s level in the (101¯0) plane at polar angles of 20° and 25°, is tested on GaN crystals. The photoelectron intensity ratio I20/I25 is larger or smaller than unity for GaN(0001) or GaN(0001¯), respectively. The approach can be used for polarity determination of other binary wurtzite crystals. The atom with the smaller electron scattering cross-section should be used as the emitter.

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